The high citral content of lime EO causes potential toxic and myelotoxic effects [110]. Inhalation of lemon EO reduces the intensity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) by 33% [99]. It can be used for controlling subterranean termites [50]. Viuda-Martos M., Mohamady M.A., Fernndez-Lpez J., Abd ElRazik K.A., Omer E.A., Prez-Alvarez J.A., Sendra E. In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essentials oils obtained from Egyptian aromatic plants. Grapefruit EO was 95% lethal to eggs and larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata [121]. It is non-toxic, and is very minimally skin reactive [8]. are often carelessly used interchangeably.
Toxic profile of bergamot essential oil on survival and proliferation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Lemon EO showed cytotoxic effects against human prostate, lung, and breast cancer cells [90]. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The analgesic effect of lemon EO is induced by dopamine-related activation of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the descending pain inhibitory system [98]. It also showed a good anti-aflatoxigenic effects (inhibited aflatoxin B1) at 500 ppm [44]. Young A.R., Walker S.L., Kinley J.S., Plastow S.R., Averbeck D., Morlire P., Dubertret L. Phototumorigenesis studies of 5-methoxypsoralen in bergamot oil: Evaluation and modification of risk of human use in an albino mouse skin model. Fragrance raw materials Monographs. Comparative investigation of the distilled lime oils (. and It also showed remarkable miticidal activity against Sarcoptes scabiei var. The methanol extract of yuzu could be beneficial for individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease because it inhibits platelet aggregation [159]. Carvalho-Freitas M.I.R., Costa M. Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil from, De Moraes Pultrini A., Almeida Galindo L., Costa M. Effects of the essential oil from, Pimenta F.C.F., Alves M.F., Pimenta M.B.F., Melo S.A.L., de Almeida A.A.F., Leite J.R., Pordeus L.C.D.M., Diniz M.D.F.F.M., de Almeida R.N. Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of, El-Akhal F., Lalamia A.E.O., Guemmouh R. Larvicidal activity of essential oils of, Galvo J.G., Silva V.F., Ferreira S.G., Frana F.R.M., Santos D.A., Freitas L.S., Alves P.B., Arajo A.A.S., Cavalcanti S.C.H., Nunes R.S. Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety-related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of. It is not acutely toxic, nephrotoxic, or carcinogenic, but the oxidized d-limonene may carry some toxicity. -Pinene was classified as a category B substance in Germany, meaning it is considered moderately allergenic [196]. Chronic skin pigmentation (also known as berloque dermatitis, bergapten dermatitis, or photophytodermatitis) can also develop. Bergamot EO is widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries [125]. Generally speaking, Citrus EOs are non-toxic, non-mutagenic, and non-carcinogenic [8]. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Physico-chemical characteristics of citrus seeds and seed oils from Pakistan. Evaluation of phototoxic properties of fragrances. Hata T., Sakaguchi I., Mori M., Ikeda N., Kato Y., Minamino M., Watabe K. Induction of apoptosis by. Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. It also decreased the overall symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in university students. No carcinogenic, mutagenic, or genotoxic activities were found [8]. Effects of grapefruit (. is Kuwahata H., Komatsu T., Katsuyama S., Corasaniti M.T., Bagetta G., Sakurada S., Sakurada T., Takahama K. Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation. Ceccarelli I., Masi F., Fiorenzani P., Aloisi A.M. Major volatile components in essential oils of different Citrus spp. Depending on concentration, it may be mutagenic or non-mutagenic [8]. It is not mutagenic or genotoxic. C. reticulata EO showed a moderate radical scavenging activity [83] mainly due to the high d-limonene content [12]. Bigarade oil is produced from the outer The acute oral LD50 was 4.4 mL/kg in rats and mice [167]. Menenghini C.L., Rantuccio F., Lomuto M. Additives, vehicles and active drugs of topical medicaments as causes of delayed-type allergic dermatitis. table below is a compilation of the most common citrus oils. Neroli EO is an endothelium- and smooth-muscle-dependent vasodilator that can alleviate cardiovascular symptoms. Bergamot oil and its d-Limonene were reported to modulate autophagic pathways in SH-SY5Y cells [125]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the process resembled oil in composition. Akhlaghi M., Shabanian G., Rafieian-Kopaei M., Parvin N., Saadat M., Akhlaghi M. Farshbaf-Khalili A., Kamalifard M., Namadian M. Comparison of the effect of lavender and bitter orange on anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Yuzu extract could be useful in treating heart failure as it prevents myocardial infarction (MI)-induced ventricular dysfunction and structural remodeling of myocardium [160]. Prog. -Pinene showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects [19,194]. Because of its anti-obesity effects, grapefruit EO is called the dieters friend [116]. another typefrom young leaves and twigs. Effects of inhalation of essential oil of, Heydari N., Abootalebi M., Jamalimoghadam N., Kasraeian M., Emamghoreishi M., Akbarzade M. Investigation of the effect of aromatherapy with, Kang P., Ryu K.H., Lee J.M., Kim H.K., Seol G.H. In addition, bitter orange EO inhibits the growth of Penicillium digitatum, and P. italicum [15,53]. Determination of bactericidal efficacy of essential oil extracted from orange peel on the food contact surfaces. Lemon EO significantly enhanced attention level, concentration, cognitive performance, mood, and memory of students during the learning process [100]. Ezeonu F.C., Chidume G.I., Udedi S.C. Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels.
It is neither toxic nor irritable to skin. cuniculi, both in vitro and in vivo. An official website of the United States government. Inhalation of orange EO for 90 s caused a significant decrease in oxyhemoglobin concentration in the right prefrontal cortex of the brain which increases comfortable, relaxed, and natural feelings [30]. It is a non-irritant at 115%, and non-phototoxic [188].
Furthermore, Citrus EOs are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects [9]. Tirillini B. Bodake H.B., Panicker K.N., Kailaje V., Rao K.V. An example: sour orange oil is made fromcommon, Anti-inflammatory properties and chemical characterization of the essential oils of four. It increased social interactions for rats (time spent in active social interaction), and increased exploration time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM) [55]. Lemon oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to volunteers when tested at 10% [167], and similar results were observed for distilled lime oil when tested at 15 and 100% [167]. Sanguinetti M., Posteraro B., Romano L., Battaglia F., Lopizzo T., De Carolis E., Fadda G. In vitro activity of. A Bitter orange EO showed good radical-scavenging activity [53], largely due to the high d-limonene content [12,13] and its microencapsulated form, which was effective in reducing oxidative stress in acute otitis media rats [61]. Morrone L.A., Rombol L., Pelle C., Corasaniti M.T., Zappettini S., Paudice P., Bonanno G., Bagetta G. The essential oil of bergamot enhances the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rat: Implication of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Preventive effects of, Yi F., Jin R., Sun J., Ma B., Bao X. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Fumigant toxicity of. Lemon EO improves creativity and mood, and is thought to affect heart rhythm [97]. Lemon EO causes activation of the sympathetic nerve activity innervating the white adipose tissue (WAT), which increases lipolysis and results in the suppression of body weight gain [92]. The mechanism is thought to be through adjusting the unbalance of oxidation and antioxidation, down-regulating the expressions of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and mRNA in lung tissues, and reducing collagen deposition and fibrosis [82]. Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of essential oil and organic extract from the peel and kernel parts of, Wang Y.W., Zeng W.C., Xu P.Y., Lan Y.J., Zhu R.X., Zhong K., Huang Y.N., Gao H. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (, Md Othman S., Hassan M., Nahar L., Basar N., Jamil S., Sarker S. Essential Oils from the Malaysian. Navarra M., Ferlazzo N., Cirmi S., Trapasso E., Bramanti P., Lombardo G.E., Minciullo P.L., Calapai G., Gangemi S. Effects of bergamot essential oil and its extractive fractions on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell growth. Bergamot EO inhibited tumor formation by the carcinogen NDMA in vitro by more than 70% [136]. Moreover, sweet orange EO acted as a growth promoter, increased immunity, and improved disease resistance to Streptococcus iniae in Tilapia [52]. Similar to diazepam, bergamot oil exerted anxiolytic-like behaviors and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity via reducing the corticosterone response to acute stress caused by EPM [140]. The key volatile components are presented in Figure 1. Namazi M., Ali Akbari S.A., Mojab F., Talebi A., Majd H.A., Jannesari S. Effects of, Moraes T.M., Kushima H., Moleiro F.C., Santos R.C., Machado Rocha L.R., Marques M.O., Vilegas W., Hiruma-Lima C.A. Dugo P., Mondello L., Proteggente A.R., Cavazza A., Dugo G. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds of bergamot essential oils. Martn M.A., Siles J.A., Chica A.F., Martn A. Biomethanization of orange peel waste. Selected oxidized fragrance terpenes are common contact allergens. Identification of essential oil components from, da Silva J.K., da Trindade R., Moreira E.C., Maia J.G.S., Dosoky N.S., Miller R.S., Cseke L.J., Setzer W.N. Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. confusing. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal To avoid oxidation of d-limonene, Citrus oils should be stored in a dark air-tight container and placed at 4 C [8]. [53]. Effect of plantar subcutaneous administration of bergamot essential oil and linalool on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in mice. Bergamot EO inhibits the growth of several bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, S. typhimurium, Pseudomonas putida, Arcobacter butzleri, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes [142,143,144]. Intraplantar injection of bergamot EO, linalool, and linalyl acetate showed a peripheral antinociception effect in the capsaicin test mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism [129,130]. Effects of long-term exposure of lemon essential oil odor on behavioral, hormonal and neuronal parameters in male and female rats. Li G.X., Liu Z.Q. Citrus oils are most plentiful in the oil glands of fruit Careers. Geranyl acetate has anti-inflammatory [189], antifungal [189], and antimicrobial properties [190]. Furthermore, bitter orange EO showed potent fumigant and anti-cholinesterase activities against the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci [67]. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. Zhu L.F., Li Y.H., Li B.L., Lu B.Y., Xia N.H. Aromatic Plants and Their Essential Constitutes. No positive skin reactions were observed when testing the 97% pure linalool at 20%, or to oxidized linalool tested at 1% in dermatitis and eczema patients [175,181]. with different characteristics and a different name can be obtained The acute dermal LD50 of the mixed isomer terpineol was >3 g/kg in rabbits, while the acute oral LD50 was 4.3 g/kg in rats [167]. The Grapefruit EO promotes body cleansing and removal of toxins and excess fluids [116]. Essential oil inhalation on blood pressure and salivary cortisol levels in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. Ruiz M.J., Juarez M.L., Alzogaray R.A., Arrighi F., Arroyo L., Gastaminza G., Willink E., del Valle Bardon A., Vera T. Toxic effect of citrus peel constituents on, Ivoke N., Ogbonna P.C., Ekeh F.N., Ezenwaji N.E., Atama C.I., Ejere V.C., Onoja U.S., Eyo J.E. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Gonalves M.J., Cruz M.T., Tavares A.C., Cavaleiro C., Lopes M.C., Canhoto J., Salgueiro L. Composition and biological activity of the essential oil from, Kakarla S., Ganjewala D. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of four lemongrass (. Bitter orange EO is used as a natural antiseizure and anticonvulsant agent.
Limited data suggests minimal toxicity. Lemon EO has insect repellent effects against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi [104]. Several studies showed a broad spectrum antifungal activity of bergamot EO against Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Rhodotorula rubra, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium italicum, Fusarium solani, F. sporotrichioides, F. oxysporum, Curvularia lunata, Verticillium dahliae, Phomopsis sp., Phoma sp., and Myrothechium verrucaria [142,143,145]. Ullah N., Khan M.A., Khan T., Ahmad W. Nephroprotective potentials of, Friedman M., Henika P.R., Levin C.E., Mandrell R.E.
The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of. It is used in suntan preparations due to the presence of bergapten, which is the active melanogenic component [126]. Volpato G.T., Francia-Farje L.A.D., Damasceno D.C., Renata V.O., Cllia A.H.-L., Wilma G.K. Effect of essential oil from. dTERRA International had no role in the writing or the decision to publish this manuscript. Sakurada T., Mizoguchi H., Kuwahata H., Katsuyama S., Komatsu T., Morrone L.A., Corasaniti M.T., Bagetta G., Sakurada S. Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism. Interestingly, the essential oil (EO) is the most vital by-product of Citrus processing. Public Health. The acute dermal LD50 of -pinene was >5 g/kg in rabbits, subcutaneous LD50 was 1.42 g/kg in mice, and the acute oral LD50 was >5 g/kg in rats [167]. Matiz G., Osorio M.R., Camacho F., Atencia M., Herazo J. Rezzadori K., Benedetti S., Amante E.R. It was also effective in treating the symptoms of anxiety in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia prior to the collection of medullary material [56]. Kumquat EO showed antiproliferative action against human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells via inducing apoptosis and inhibition of inflammation [161]. An experimental study on the effectiveness of massage with aromatic ginger and orange essential oil for moderate-to-severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong. Neroli EO reduced the mean anxiety scores in postmenopausal women [70]. Chemical compositions of the peel essential oil of, Prez A., Alcala Y., Salem A.Z.M., Alberti A.B. ex Tanaka), and kumquat (Citrus japonica Thunb). Fujii T., Furukawa S., Suzuki S. Studies on compounded perfumes for toilet goods. The rectified oil was not sensitizing when tested at 30% on 25 volunteers [173]. In addition, it has been shown to reduce neuronal damage caused in vitro by excitotoxic stimuli by preventing an injury-induced decrease of phosphorylated protein kinase B (phospho-Akt) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (phospho-GSK-3) levels [137,138]. It showed strong anxiolytic activity in rodents without any motor impairment, even after 15 consecutive days of treatment [55]. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. It has no carcinogenic activity [8]. Inhalation of the yuzu oil decreased total mood disturbance, tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and fatigue, which are common premenstrual symptoms [152,153]. Yavari Kia P., Safajou F., Shahnazi M., Nazemiyeh H. The effect of lemon inhalation aromatherapy on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
To avoid any possible adverse skin reactions, it is recommended to dilute Citrus oils with a carrier oil before topical use [174]. This work was carried out as part of the activities of the Aromatic Plant Research Center. Inhalation of bergamot EO was reported to increase the release of amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate, glycine, and taurine) in rat hippocampuses, both in vivo and in vitro, which suggested that the oil may interfere with exocytosis [165]. It has been reported to have anti-spasmodic effect and to enhance sexual desire [59]. Evaluation of a three-exposure mouse bone marrow micronucleus protocol: Results with 49 chemicals. It presents an extremely low risk of skin sensitization [8]. Med. The Antimicrobial/Biological Activity of Essential Oils. It also enhances sleeping time and is used to treat insomnia [54]. Opdyke D.L.J. Moreover, it showed a strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudococcus sp., Salmonella thyphimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Staphylococcus aureus [118,119], and a strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. chrysogenum [118,119,120]. The finest oils are produced Furthermore, bitter orange EO was effective in reducing the severity of first-stage labor pain and anxiety in primiparous women [59], as well as in alleviating moderate and severe knee pain [34]. The earliest records of its cultivation date back to 2100 BC [1]. Antioxidant activity of. Linalyl acetate has narcotic effects [177].
Bickers D., Calow P., Greim H., Hanifin J.M., Rogers A.E., Saurat J.H., Sipes I.G., Smith R.L., Tagami H. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of linalool and related esters when used as fragrance ingredients. Chemical structures of key volatile components in Citrus essential oils. Kim H.J., Chen F., Wu C., Wang X., Chung H.Y., Jin Z. Celia C., Trapasso E., Locatelli M., Navarra M., Ventura C.A., Wolfram J., Carafa M., Morittu V.M., Britti D., Di Marzio L., et al. important sector of citrus oil use is the production of. It has been used in treating insomnia, epilepsy, and seizures [72]. Inhaling neroli odor enhances sexual desire [59]. No fetal toxicity was observed [8]. Yu H.Y., Ahn J.H., Park S.W., Jung Y.-S. Preventive effect of yuzu and hesperidin on left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in rat permanent left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion model. Converting citrus wastes into value-added products: Economic and environmently friendly approaches. Effectiveness of antimicrobial formulations for acne based on orange (. Antioxidant and antinociceptive effects of. Mortelmans K., Haworth S., Lawlor T., Speck W., Tainer B., Zeiger E. Shelby M.D., Erexson G.L., Hook G.J., Tice R.R. This table is Igarashi M., Ikei H., Song C., Miyazaki Y. Nagai K., Niijima A., Horii Y., Shen J., Tanida M. Olfactory stimulatory with grapefruit and lavender oils change autonomic nerve activity and physiological function. It also induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells due to the presence of citral, decanal, and octanal [28]. The mechanism underlying its antimicrobial and antifungal effect is thought to be via increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, relevant to its action in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes [132]. Genuine Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Aromatic effects of a Japanese citrus fruit-yuzu (, Matsumoto T., Kimura T., Hayashi T. Does Japanese citrus fruit yuzu (. bittersweet and perfumery varieties. It could be used in the treatment of dermatophytosis in animals [147]. It also inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor ramannianus, and Fusarium culmorum [81]. Placzek M., Frmel W., Eberlein B., Gilbertz K.P., Przybilla B. Bitter orange EO is used as a mild sedative and hypnotic for its soothing, calming, and motor relaxant effects [53]. Cruz-Valenzuela M.R., Tapia-Rodriguez M.R., Vazquez-Armenta F.J., Silva-Espinoza B.A., Ayala-Zavala J.F. Due to its antimicrobial effects, bitter orange EO is used for treating colds, dull skin, flu, gums and mouth, and chronic bronchitis, as well as a food preservative [53]. Bergamottin and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin were identified as the bioactive molecules responsible for the cytotoxic effect of bergamot EO [133]. It completely inhibited the viability of Aedes aegypti eggs exposed at 400 ppm, and inhibits its larval development at 100 ppm [122]. In addition, it is a potent antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus durans, E. hirae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexnerii, Streptococcus faecalis, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi [111,113]. The use of thyme and orange essential oils blend to improve quality traits of marinated chicken meat. Yuzu EO is useful in treating bronchial asthma due to its anti-inflammatory activities. Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. distillation from the peel and solidsleft over Neroli EO inhibits the growth of several bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia [53,79], as well as several fungi including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, and Alternaria alternata [20,53,75,79].
used because the first essencesproduced by a similar Lemon EO is a natural stress reliever. -Terpineol has anticarcinogenic activity [187]. Anxiolytic effect of. It showed phytotoxic activities against Avena fatua L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv, Allium cepa L., and Phalaris minor Retz [113]. Antimicrobial assays of natural extracts and their inhibitory effect against Listeria innocua and fish spoilage bacteria, after incorporation into biopolymer edible films. It also showed anti-spasmodic activity [89]. (APRC, https://aromaticplant.org/). Ben Hsouna A., Hamdi N., Ben Halima N., Abdelkafi S. Characterization of essential oil from, Sarrou E., Chatzopoulou P., Dimassi-Theriou K., Therios I. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Katsuyama S.K., Towa A.O., Amio S.K., Ato K.S., Agi T.Y., Ishikawa Y.K., Omatsu T.K., Agetta G.B., Akurada T.S., Akamura H.N. Expressed sweet orange oil was neither irritating nor sensitizing to 25 volunteers when tested at 8 and 100% [167], whereas it caused sensitivity to 0.13% of total dermatitis patients when tested at 2% [169]. Toxicolgical aspects of linalool: A review. number of possible combinations each with a different name is 18, all Neroli EO is used as a sedative for its soothing, calming, and motor relaxant effects by healthcare centers in Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Mexico, Italy, Martinique, and Spain [55]. Faturi C.B., Leite J.R., Alves P.B., Canton A.C., Teixeira-Silva F. Anxiolytic-like effect of sweet orange aroma in Wistar rats. The oil was mentioned as a topical treatment for skin fungal infections like ringworm, jock itch, and athletes foot [66]. Inhaling a mixture of lavender, ylang-ylang, marjoram, and neroli (20:15:10:2) decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the concentration of salivary cortisol in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects [77]. flowers, peel, young leaves and twigs to whole small immature fruit. Caccioni D.R., Guizzardi M., Biondi D.M., Renda A., Ruberto G. Relationship between volatile components of citrus fruit essential oils and antimicrobial action on. Mandarin oil is well known for its broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal actions. The cutaneous effects of the common concretes and absolutes used in the perfume industry. Bergamot EO was reported to be cytotoxic against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, suppressing their growth rate through a mechanism related to both apoptotic and necrotic cell death [133,134]. Received 2018 Jun 6; Accepted 2018 Jul 3. Bergamot EO is used in complementary medicine to treat chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain via modulating sensitive perception of pain [127,128,129]. Petitgrain oil is extracted from Iturriaga L., Olabarrieta I., de Maran I.M. Mitropoulou G., Fitsiou E., Spyridopoulou K., Tiptiri-Kourpeti A., Bardouki H., Vamvakias M., Panas P., Chlichlia K., Pappa A., Kourkoutas Y. Viuda-Martos M., Ruiz-Navajas Y., Fernndez-Lpez J., Perez-lvarez J. Antifungal activity of lemon (, Ali N., Chhetri B., Dosoky N., Shari K., Al-Fahad A., Wessjohann L., Setzer W. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of. The distilled oils are not phototoxic, while the expressed oils carry a low to moderate risk of phototoxicity (Table 4) [167] due to the presence of furanocoumarins [168]. Yuzu odor was reported to decrease maternal anxiety for a sick child receiving an infusion at a pediatric clinic [151]. The oil also showed a considerable radical-scavenging activity evaluated by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test [161,162] due to the high d-limonene content [12,13]. peel. Effects of olfactory stimulation with rose and orange oil on prefrontal cortex activity. Chemopreventive effect of orange oil on the development of hepatic preneoplastic lesions induced by. Learn more The endothelial component is mediated by the nitric oxide to soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway, while the smooth muscle component involves inhibiting extracellular Ca2+ influx and store-operated Ca2+ release mediated by the ryanodine receptor (RyR) signaling pathway [76]. It is neither irritating nor sensitizing at 20% [167]. Lime EO is used as a flavoring agent in syrups and suspensions [111,112]. Rudzki E., Grzywa Z., Bruo W.S. Bitter orange EO suppressed preneoplastic hepatic lesions during DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by restoring the normal phenotype and upregulating junctional complexes [35]. Due to its free radical-scavenging properties, bitter orange extract showed nephroprotective effects against gentamicin-induced renal damage [62]. Prolonged exposure (for 2 weeks) to lemon EO induces significant changes in neuronal circuits involved in anxiety and pain in rats [96]. Interestingly, the C. aurantium flower extract showed anti-amnesic and repairing effects on memory, learning impairments, and behavioral disorders induced by scopolamine, and has the potential to treat Alzheimers disease [72]. Dugo P., Mondello L., Sebastiani E., Ottan R., Errante G., Dugo G. Identification of minor oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus essential oils by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry.