Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. correct. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ in order to reduce dissonance. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Eddie has made the _________. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. endobj 0000010779 00000 n From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. In the . However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. Harry's belief is based on. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized that when people lie and don't have a good reason to lie (such as being paid only one measly dollar), they will be motivated to believe the lie. 49 0 obj Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. Nicole will probably experience. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY anything important? To which he readily agrees. AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Some have already been discussed. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Twenty Dollar condition. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. 0000094931 00000 n Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. Forced compliance theory - Wikipedia Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). 3. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. /Root 48 0 R The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Instead the opposite happened. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. 1. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. York University, Toronto, Ontario. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. /O 49 Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. /Contents 58 0 R Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Some have already been discussed. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. 3. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. stream The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The participants were 71 male students in totality. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in Festinger, L. (1957). How are these 100 people likely to respond? Please select the correct language below. Instead the opposite happened. 2. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. 0000001035 00000 n When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. <> At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. 4. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. (Boulding, 1969). 0000001089 00000 n You have created 2 folders. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. From this point on they diverged somewhat. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. A fraction of the subjects were thanked and let go after being interviewed by another experimenter regarding ways on how the presentation of the boring tasks can be improved for future purposes. About the Experiment - Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory His data, however did not support this idea. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. endstream endobj startxref Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. What is the Sacrifice Trap? Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. >> We'll bring you back here when you are done. New York: Harper & Row. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. (The secretary had left the office.) Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience.