Though the victory at Himera is widely seen as a defining event for Greek identity, analysis of the DNA of 54 corpses found in graves unearthed in Himera's west necropolis traced professional soldiers to regions near modern Ukraine, Latvia, and Bulgaria.[9]. If there was one, it might explain the loss of the Mycenaean civilization. Relief sculpture, statues (32.11.1), tall stelai crowned by capitals (11.185a-c,f,g), and finials marked many of these graves. The Spartans were victorious, but they found themselves stuck in this foreign land. Arundel in 1624. Belonging, or pertaining, to Megara, a city of ancient led to the rise of the city-states (Poleis). Athenian slaves tended to enjoy more freedom than those elsewhere. Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. enemy See Also in English public enemy noun , fall to enemy occupation imaginary enemy The Spartan hegemony would last another 16 years, until, at the Battle of Leuctra (371) the Spartans were decisively defeated by the Theban general Epaminondas. was to maintain the common interests of Greece. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A grave, rich by the standards of any period, was uncovered at a site called Lefkandi on Euboea, the island along the eastern flank of Attica (the territory controlled by Athens). ARMIES AND ENEMIES OF ANCIENT GREECE AND MACEDONIA . Undoubtedly part of the reason for the weakness of the hegemony was a decline in the Spartan population. The people of Athens were not forced to migrate during this unsettled period, which put them in a unique position among the Greeks. Unlike the fiercely independent (and small) city-states, Macedon was a tribal kingdom, ruled by an autocratic king, and importantly, covering a larger area. Anderson, J. K., Ancient Greek Horsemanship, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1961. 5782. The later years of the Pentecontaetia were marked by increasing conflict between Athens and the traditional land powers of Greece, led by Sparta. Updates? Pericles' motAgariste was the great-granddaughter of the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes, and the niece of the Athenian reformer Cleisthenes. Opposition to it throughout the period 369362 BC caused numerous clashes. The origin of the Dorians is not completely certain, though the general belief is that they are from Epirus or Macedonia. 125166. The Greek Way of Death. Opportunities for citizens to join the office were increased tremendously when 500 members were added. However, such were the losses of Theban manpower, including Epaminondas himself, that Thebes was thereafter unable to sustain its hegemony. If battle was refused by one side, it would retreat to the city, in which case the attackers generally had to content themselves with ravaging the countryside around, since the campaign season was too limited to attempt a siege. The political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements of ancient Greek civilization formed alegacywith unparalleled influence on Western civilization. Discover the most famous ancient Greek myths You will find below 29 Greek myths: Odysseus, Jason and the Argonauts, Theseus, the Amazons, Persphone and many more myths. They then proceeded to tear down Tanagra's fortifications. These developments ushered in the period of Archaic Greece (800480 BC). Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or The Greek 'Dark Ages' drew to an end as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized culture to be restored, which led to the rise of the city-states ( Poleis ). Like all ancient marble sculpture, funerary statues and grave stelai were brightly painted, and extensive remains of red, black, blue, and green pigment can still be seen (04.17.1). The beginning of this tension begins during the incipient stages of the Athenian empire following the defeat of Persia during a period called the pentekontaetia. Enter a Crossword Clue The hoplite was an infantryman, the central element of warfare in Ancient Greece. Gill, N.S. The Persian Empire. The rise of Macedon and her successors thus sounded the death knell for the distinctive way of war found in Ancient Greece; and instead contributed to the 'superpower' warfare which would dominate the ancient world between 350 and 150 BC. At this point, Sparta acknowledged that Athens might be getting too powerful. Deputies from the confederated states of ancient the vessel of an enemy; a beakhead. The Persian War was a 50 year series of conflicts between the Greeks and the Persians, for control of the Mediterranean. Overview and Timeline of Ancient Greek Civilization. Rome. Plato. In 476, Athens fought against the pirates of Scyros, as the Delian League wanted to reduce piracy around the region and capture the important materials for itself. Greece was divided into city-states. Whatever the proximal causes of the war, it was in essence a conflict between Athens and Sparta for supremacy in Greece. Phenomena such as the tension between Dorians and Ionians that have their origins in the Dark Age are a reminder that Greek civilization did not emerge either unannounced or uncontaminated by what had gone before. Anthropologists currently believe that Ancient Roman and Greek folk probably didn't take down . Socrates. Regardless of where it developed, the model for the hoplite army evidently quickly spread throughout Greece. Cimon persuaded Greek settlements on the Carian and Lycian coast to rebel against Persia. This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 14:16. In their governing body, the Assembly (Ecclesia), all adult male citizens, perhaps10 to 15 percent of the total population, were eligible to vote. The rise of Athens and Sparta during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War, which saw diversification of warfare. with them when the main material to make tools was made out of iron. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985. The end of Mycenaean civilization led to a Dark Age (1200 800 B.C.) to the Present, New York, NY: Free Press, 1989. The Greek navy, despite their lack of experience, also proved their worth holding back the Persian fleet whilst the army still held the pass. At the end of the fifth century B.C., Athenian families began to bury their dead in simple stone sarcophagi placed in the ground within grave precincts arranged in man-made terraces buttressed by a high retaining wall that faced the cemetery road. Corrections? The Dorians also brought The Iron Age (12001000 B.C.) Much more lightly armored, the Macedonian phalanx was not so much a shield-wall as a spear-wall. At one point, the Greeks even attempted an invasion of Cyprus and Egypt (which proved disastrous), demonstrating a major legacy of the Persian Wars: warfare in Greece had moved beyond the seasonal squabbles between city-states, to coordinated international actions involving huge armies. One is bound to notice, however, that archaeological finds tend to call into question the whole concept of a Dark Age by showing that certain features of Greek civilization once thought not to antedate about 800 bce can actually be pushed back by as much as two centuries. Greek science. Raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders, and thus any attack in the Athenian rear would cut off the Army from the City. After the exile of Cimon in Athens, his rivals Ephialtes and Pericles implemented democratic social reforms. The Dark Age itself is beyond the scope of this article. Following the decisive clash, Carthage fell and the one-time scourge of the republic fled into exile. Delbruck, Hans, Warfare in Antiquity, History of the Art of War, Volume 1, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. War also led to acquisition of land and slaves which would lead to a greater harvest, which could support a larger army. Remains of horses were found as well; the animals had been buried with their snaffle bits. Leonidas (Mid 6th century-480 BCE) was the king of Sparta who led the Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE).. Athens' alliance with Corcyra and attack on Potidaea enraged Corinth, and the Megarian Decree imposed strict economic sanctions on Megara, another Spartan ally. 83124. ), Atlas of the Classical World, London: Nelson, 1959. He took the development of the phalanx to its logical completion, arming his 'phalangites' (for they were assuredly not hoplites) with a fearsome 6m (20ft) pike, the 'sarissa'. Athens relied on these long walls to protect itself from invasion, while sending off its superior vessels to bombard opponents' cities. Warfare occurred throughout the history of Ancient Greece, from the Greek Dark Ages onward. The war (or wars, since it is often divided into three periods) was for much of the time a stalemate, punctuated with occasional bouts of activity. While some refer to the events prior to classical Greece as the Dorian Invasion, others have understood it as the Descent of the Heraclidae. Late invasions were also possible in the hopes that the sowing season would be affected but this at best would have minimal effects on the harvest. The male Titans would rise up their father, and Cronos would take up the position of supreme god of the cosmos in place of Ouranos. Hodkinson, Stephen, "Warfare, Wealth, and the Crisis of Spartiate Society," in John Rich and Graham Shipley, (eds. The Phalanx therefore presented a shield wall and a mass of spear points to the enemy, making frontal assaults much more difficult. (Mnemosyne, Supplements 409). Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in Athens, Greece. The chigi vase, dated to around 650 BC, is the earliest depiction of a hoplite in full battle array. However, by the time Athens reached Potidaea, the residents were in full revolt and prepared to fight Athens with support from the Corinthian army. Each funerary monument had an inscribed base with an epitaph, often in verse that memorialized the dead. 457The Battle of Oenophyta: After the Spartans returned home from Tanagra, the Athenians conquered Boetia and Phocis after a battle at Oenophyta. Thucydides writes about how this period of growth was an inevitable cause of war, Their supremacy grew during the interval between the present war and the Persian wars, through their military and political actions recounted below against the barbarians, against their own allies in revolt, and against the Peloponnesians whom they encountered on various occasions. (1.97 [2]). In the year 507 B.C., the Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system of political reforms that he called demokratia, or "rule by the people . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They had previously demanded that Potidaea tear down their long walls and banish Corinth ambassadors. The Corinthians was also able to influence the Spartans to join the cause, since Sparta didn't want to lose such an affluent ally. The Greek 'Dark Ages' drew to an end as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized culture to be restored, which These democratic ideals are reflected in the use of personal names without a patronymic on inscriptions of casualty lists from around this time, such as those of the tribe Erechtheis dated to 460/459BC [3] and the Argive dead at the Battle of Tanagra (457 BC). The ancient Greeks were a culture that lived thousands of years ago. He was 66. The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy . This brought the rebels to terms, and restored the Spartan hegemony on a more stable footing. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. The visionary Athenian politician Themistocles had successfully persuaded his fellow citizens to build a huge fleet in 483/82 BC to combat the Persian threat (and thus to effectively abandon their hoplite army, since there were not men enough for both). 461The Debate in Athens over Helping Sparta: With a legion of Helots rebelling against Sparta, Athens offered Sparta their help by sending a force of 4,000 Hoplites to suppress the rebels. 2d ed. For instance, the Agrianes from Thrace were well-renowned peltasts, whilst Crete was famous for its archers. You probably wouldn't even survive daily life there . 85, 1965, pp. It occupied a key position on trade routes between Europe and Asia. The average Athenian. Alexander's fame is in no small part due to his success as a battlefield tactician; the unorthodox gambits he used at the battles of Issus and Gaugamela were unlike anything seen in Ancient Greece before. Spartan feeling was at that time very friendly towards Athens on account of the patriotism which she had displayed in the struggle with Mede. The Gauls, then the Macedonians, then the Romans . The Theban hegemony would be short-lived however. After his assassination, this war was prosecuted by his son Alexander the Great, and resulted in the takeover of the whole Achaemenid Empire by the Macedonians. For quality videos about mythology, you can visit the Youtube channel TinyEpics. There were several tribes amongst The Dorians which included Hylleis,Pamphyloi, and Dymanes. Omissions? The scale and scope of warfare in Ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the Greco-Persian Wars. Marble monuments belonging to various members of a family were placed along the edge of the terrace rather than over the graves themselves. Adcock, Frank E., The Greek and Macedonian Art of War, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1962. The enemy of NATO is also Greece's enemy, so I would argue that Russian and Chinese interests greatly conflict with NATO's interests, and, in turn, Greece's. Now, onto the traditional enemy of Greece; Turkey. The Athenian dominated Delian League of cities and islands extirpated Persian garrisons from Macedon and Thrace, before eventually freeing the Ionian cities from Persian rule. And, one of these revenge methods was certainly as strange as they come: using the enemies' names as toilet paper. Amongst the allies therefore, Athens was able to form the core of a navy, whilst other cities, including Sparta, provided the army. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. 437The Foundation of Amphipolis: With vast resources, especially timber for ship building, Athens founded the city of Amphipolis on the Strymon River. To this end, the Greeks were able to lure the Persian fleet into the straits of Salamis; and, in a battleground where Persian numbers again counted for nothing, they won a decisive victory, justifying Themistocles' decision to build the Athenian fleet. as, the Doric dialect. In order to outflank the isthmus, Xerxes needed to use this fleet, and in turn therefore needed to defeat the Greek fleet; similarly, the Greeks needed to neutralise the Persian fleet to ensure their safety. Chattel slavery in ancient Greece was widespread. Krentz, Peter, "Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. So extreme was this hostility that Dorians were prohibited from entering Ionian sanctuaries; extant today is a 5th-century example of such a prohibition, an inscription from the island of Paros. However, Thebes lacked sufficient manpower and resources, and became overstretched. Specifically, when The Dorians conquered the Minoans and Mycenaean civilizations, The Dark Age emerged. They were a force to be reckoned with. Greece; Spartan. These battles were short, bloody, and brutal, and thus required a high degree of discipline. Relatives of the deceased, primarily women, conducted the elaborate burial rituals that were customarily of three parts: the prothesis (laying out of the body (54.11.5), the ekphora (funeral procession), and the interment of the body or cremated remains of the deceased. Themistocles through his cunningness asserts an independent and strong Athenian identity. Political and legal sources of resentment, Athenian aggression outside the Peloponnese, The effect of the Persian Wars on philosophy, The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley, https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece, PBS LearningMedia - Emergence of Cities and the Prophecies of Oracles | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Homer and the Gods - The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Building the Navy | The Greeks, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece, Eurasia, National Geographic Kids - Facts about Ancient Greece for kids, PBS LearningMedia - The Rise of Alexander the Great, PBS LearningMedia - The Birth of Democracy | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Religion | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Economy | The Greeks, ancient Greece - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), ancient Greece - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed.. Roisman, Joseph, and translated by J.C Yardley, This page was last edited on 2 December 2021, at 12:28. In the third phase of the war however the use of more sophisticated stratagems eventually allowed the Spartans to force Athens to surrender. Hanson, Victor D., "Hoplite Battle as Ancient Greek Warfare: When, Where, and Why?" In city-states, the Dorians coupled with Greek people for political power and business and also helped influence Greek art, such as through their invention of choral lyrics in the theater. In about 1100 B.C., a group of men from the North, who spoke Greek, invaded the Peloponnese. Rhodes, "Pentecontaetia," from, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Peace of Callias | ancient Greece-Persia [450 449 BC]", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentecontaetia&oldid=1058259004, Articles needing additional references from May 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The poorer classes in Greece began to rebel against the aristocracy and the wealthy. A large ship of burden, in ancient Greece. A crown for a king! The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, . Pritchett, Kendrick W., The Greek State at War, 5 Vols., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 19751991. A relief depicting a generalized image of the deceased sometimes evoked aspects of the persons life, with the addition of a servant, possessions, dog, etc. Immortality lay in the continued remembrance of the dead by the living. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Equally important to the understanding of this period is the hostility to Dorians, usually on the part of Ionians, another linguistic and religious subgroup, whose most-famous city was Athens. Wherever they had deliberated with the Spartans, they had proved themselves to be in judgment second to none. (1.91 [5]) This is an important step because Themistocles articulates that Athens is an independent state with its own agenda that brushed over that of others. The goddess Themis was a female Titan, a goddess from the generation before Zeus. According to Thucydides following the defeat of Persia, Athens begins to reconstruct the long walls which connected the main city of Athens to the port of Piraeus around 478. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Gradually, and especially during the Peloponnesian war, cavalry became more important acquiring every role that cavalry could play, except perhaps frontal attack. During the prothesis, relatives and friends came to mourn and pay their respects. The CroswodSolver.com system found 25 answers for enemy of ancient greece crossword clue. As the Thebans attempted to expand their influence over Boeotia, they inevitably incurred the ire of Sparta. The persuasive qualities of the phalanx were probably its relative simplicity (allowing its use by a citizen militia), low fatality rate (important for small city-states), and relatively low cost (enough for each hoplite to provide his own equipment). Sileraioi were also a group of ancient mercenaries most likely employed by the tyrant Dionysius I of Syracuse. Athens had little choice but to surrender; and was stripped of her city walls, overseas possessions and navy. Any citizen would have the right to challenge a previous degree instilled by the Areopagus and claim it as invalid. The Dikasteria. They denounced their original treaty with Sparta made during the Greco-Persian Wars, then proceeded to make an alliance with Argos, a major enemy of the Spartans. Since there were no decisive land-battles in the Peloponnesian War, the presence or absence of these troops was unlikely to have affected the course of the war. . The most famous of these was the Dorian invasion, which the Greeks called, or connected with, the legendary return of the descendants of Heracles. Although much about that invasion is problematicit left little or no archaeological trace at the point in time where tradition puts itthe problems are of no concern here. N.S. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2018. No, ancient Greece was a civilization. Power and rich architecture were amongst several of the influences from the Dorians. The Dorians were considered the people of ancient Greece and received their mythological name from the son of Hellen, Dorus. The secondary weapon of a hoplite was the xiphos, a short sword used when the soldier's spear was broken or lost while fighting. The allied navy extended this blockade at sea, blocking the nearby straits of Artemisium, to prevent the huge Persian navy landing troops in Leonidas's rear. Van Wees, Hans, "The Development of the Hoplite Phalanx: Iconography Reality in the Seventh Century," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. However, the lightly armored Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armored hoplites, and the Persian wings were quickly routed. The conflict between Athens and Sparta is in Thucydides eyes an inevitable confrontation of the two major powers. From curses to enslavement to the downright weird, the Ancient Greco-Romans had it all. Following the death of Epaminondas and loss of manpower at the Battle of Mantinea, the Theban hegemony ceased. Thucydides, the great ancient historian of the 5th century bce, wrote a sketch of Greek history from the Trojan War to his own day, in which he notoriously fails, in the appropriate chapter, to signal any kind of dramatic rupture. Ancient literary sources emphasize the necessity of a proper burial and refer to the omission of burial rites as an insult to human dignity (Iliad23: 71). Engels, Donald, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978. The use of such a large navy was also a novelty to the Greeks. In 1981 archaeology pulled back the curtain on the darkest phase of all, the Protogeometric Period (c. 1075900 bce), which takes its name from the geometric shapes painted on pottery. Neither side could afford heavy casualties or sustained campaigns, so conflicts seem to have been resolved by a single set-piece battle. [citation needed] When battles occurred, they were usually set piece and intended to be decisive. With this evolution in warfare, battles seem to have consisted mostly of the clash of hoplite phalanxes from the city-states in conflict. When in combat, the whole formation would consistently press forward trying to break the enemy formation; thus, when two phalanx formations engaged, the struggle essentially became a pushing match,[4] in which, as a rule, the deeper phalanx would almost always win, with few recorded exceptions. The two phalanxes would smash into each other in hopes of quickly breaking the enemy force's line. The legend of the Trojan War, fought between the Greeks and the people of Troy, is the most notable theme from ancient Greek literature and forms . (14.130.14), and excavations have uncovered a clear layout of tombs from the Classical period, as well. Shipbuilders would also experience sudden increases in their production demands. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998. 450The Peace of CalliasAlthough this peace treaty is subject to scholarly debate, allegedly Athens and Persia agreed to a ceasefire.[2]. These developments ushered in the period of Archaic Greece (800-480 BC). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Failing that, a battle degenerated into a pushing match, with the men in the rear trying to force the front lines through those of the enemy. Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly Snodgrass, A., "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of many city-states, on a scale and scope never seen before. Fearing he was about to be captured while hiding on Crete, Hannibal took a dose of poison that he carried with him and died. It is believed that an enemy, Eurystheus of Mycenae, is the leader who invaded The Dorians. Hornblower, Simon, "Sticks, Stones, and Spartans: The Sociology of Spartan Violence," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. This was the first true engagement between a hoplite army and a non-Greek army. Sekunda, Nick, Warrior 27: Greek Hoplite 480323 BC, Oxford: Osprey, 2000. Athens claimed that Megarians insulted them by trespassing on land sacred to Demeter and murdering an Athenian ambassador. Previously it had been thought that those temples were one of the first manifestations of the monumentalizing associated with the beginnings of the city-state. The peace treaty which ended the Peloponnesian War left Sparta as the de facto ruler of Greece (hegemon). Greek Art and Archaeology. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail, Dominion Post and many others popular newspaper. One example, chosen for its relevance to the emergence of the Greek city-state, or polis, will suffice. Because hoplites were all protected by their own shield and others shields and spears, they were relatively safe as long as the formation didn't break. (2021, February 16). Lazenby, John F., Spartan Army, Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips, 1985. 432The Megarian Decree: With Sparta's aid, Megara urged Athens to drop their decree against them since it was hurting their economy; they were forbidden to use Athens' markets and harbors. The Spartans did not feel strong enough to impose their will on a shattered Athens. Conflict between city-states was common, but they were capable of banding together against a common enemy, as they did during the Persian Wars (492449BCE). TH-04A Thracian Peltast, 4th Century BC (1pc) US$56 Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes inhabiting a large area in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Furthermore, Themistocles also predicts that the growth in Athenian power will be centered on the sea. [4] Without the patronymic or demotic it would have been impossible to identify the particular individual being referred to when multiplicity of the same name occurred, thus both reducing the impact of the long list and ensuring that individuals are deprived of their social context.[5]. However, a united Greek army of c. 40,000 hoplites decisively defeated Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea, effectively ending the invasion. Game of Thrones | S01E06 - A Golden CrownNine noble families fight for control over the lands of Westeros, while an ancient enemy returns. Cavalry had always existed in Greek armies of the classical era but the cost of horses made it far more expensive than hoplite armor, limiting cavalrymen to nobles and the very wealthy (social class of hippeis). While the Spartans combat prowess was unmatched on land, when it came to the sea Athens was the clear victor. This angered the Corinthians. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/dorian-invasion-into-greece-119912. Even using Athens' weakest soldiers, being the old and young men who were left behind in the city, they were able to win the war against Corinth with ease. Best, Jan G. P., Thracian Peltasts and their Influence on the Greek Warfare, Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1969. The Greco-Persian Wars (499448 BC) were the result of attempts by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great, and then his successor Xerxes I to subjugate Ancient Greece. 3d ed., rev. The term colonization, although it may be convenient and widely used, is misleading. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances. resembling a modern political club.
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