%
Those who are considered at high risk of having caught monkeypox may have had household contact, sexual contact, or have changed an infected persons bedding without wearing appropriate PPE. Post-exposure vaccination (ideally within four days of exposure) may be considered by some countries for higher risk contacts such as health workers Including laboratory personnel. Options for monitoring by public health authorities are dependent on available resources. Monitoring exposed health workers and caregivers. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Contacts should be monitored at least daily for the onset of signs/symptoms for a period of 21 days from the last contact with a patient or their contaminated materials during the infectious period. 
Healthcare workers who have cared for or otherwise been in direct or indirect contact with monkeypox patients while adhering to recommended IPC measures may undergo self-monitoring or active monitoring as determined by local public health authorities. 
Monkeypox, Monkeypox in the United States of America, WHO AFRO Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Canada confirms 2 cases of monkeypox, US CDC media statement. Isolation and transmission-based precautions should be continued until resolution of symptoms (including the resolution of any rash and scabs that have fallen off and healed). Suspected presence of similar disease in the patients community or amongst contacts should be further investigated (also known as backwards contact tracing). Countries may want to consider timely vaccination of close contacts as post-exposure prophylaxis or for certain groups of health care workers for pre-exposure vaccination. No associated deaths have been reported to date. 9IY 
He told Sky News: "As with any new disease, and obviously after the Covid pandemic doubly so, we continue to monitor this very closely. WHO is convening experts to discuss recommendations on vaccination. Climate change is increasingly threatening cities with catastrophic flooding. Speaking on Monday, Chief secretary to the Treasury Simon Clarke assured the public that monkeypox is not a "repeat of" Covid-19. In non-endemic countries, one case is considered an outbreak. Cover the lesions, wear a well-fitting mask (more information below), and avoid public transportation when leaving the home as required for medical care or an emergency. Case patients should be interviewed to elicit the names and contact information of all such persons. During human monkeypox outbreaks, close physical contact with infected persons is the most significant risk factor for monkeypox virus infection. Considerations related to risk communication and community engagement. Asymptomatic contacts can continue routine daily activities such as going to work and attending school (i.e., no quarantine is necessary), but should remain close to home for the duration of surveillance. Health information and advice should be provided avoiding any form of stigmatization of certain groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Further public health investigations are ongoing in non-endemic countries that have identified cases, including extensive case finding and contact tracing, laboratory investigation, clinical management and isolation provided with supportive care. Prior to reporting for work each day, the health worker should be interviewed regarding evidence of any relevant signs/symptoms as above. Direct monitoring is a variation of active monitoring that involves at least daily either physically visiting or visually examining via video for signs of illness. The identification of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox without any travel history to an endemic area in multiple countries is atypical, hence, there is an urgent need to raise awareness about monkeypox and undertake comprehensive case finding and isolation (provided with supportive care), contact tracing and supportive care to limit further onward transmission. Online training module. Active monitoring is when public health officials are responsible for checking at least once a day to see if a person under monitoring has self-reported signs/symptoms. 1 0 obj
Any patient with suspected monkeypox should be investigated and if confirmed, isolated until their lesions have crusted, the scab has fallen off and a fresh layer of skin has formed underneath. 2 0 obj
In addition, any person meeting the suspected, probable and confirmed case definition detailed above should refrain from close contact with any other individual and should not attend large gatherings. OpenWHO. Increasing awareness among potentially affected communities, as well as health care providers and laboratory workers, is essential for identifying and preventing further secondary cases and effective management of the current outbreak. Retrospective cases cannot be laboratory confirmed; however, serum from retrospective cases can be collected and tested for anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies to aid in their case classification. Any patient with suspected monkeypox should be isolated during the presumed and known infectious periods, that is during the prodromal and rash stages of the illness, respectively. Based on currently available information, cases have mainly but not exclusively been identified amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) seeking care in primary care and sexual health clinics. Deployment of pharmaceutical countermeasures including specific antivirals (i.e. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. %PDF-1.7
What is monkeypox and what are the symptoms? Considerations related to contact tracing. 1BCjBb&u,8\K2$GL'"SFFt,?B].w`VSz{R99J,]H ]+SSWx2u;dM@(KFm{v_l7xoxE+3V5^`{qb}. Since 13 May 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported to WHO from 12 Member States that are not endemic for monkeypox virus, across three WHO regions. Geographical distribution of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox in non-endemic between 13 to 21 May 2022, as at 13:00. Based on available information at this time, WHO does not recommend that Member States adopt any international travel-related measure for both, incoming and outgoing travellers. Retrospective cases found by active search may no longer have the clinical symptoms of monkeypox (they have recovered from acute illness) but may exhibit scarring and other sequelae. The identification of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox with no direct travel links to an endemic area represents a highly unusual event. In the current context, as soon as a suspected case is identified, contact identification and contact tracing should be initiated. Contacts can be monitored passively, actively, or directly. These considerations may change as we learn more from the 2022 global outbreak of monkeypox. Many are now looking to Rotterdam, and its long history of innovation when it comes to holding water at bay. Although there is no direct vaccine for monkeypox, a form of smallpox vaccine has been used in those who are contacts of cases. Surveillance for rash-like illness should be intensified and guidance provided for collection of skin samples for confirmatory testing. Masks should fit closely on the face without any gaps along the edges or around the nose and be comfortable when worn properly over the nose and mouth. Clinical laboratories should be informed in advance of samples to be submitted from persons with suspected or confirmed monkeypox, so that they can minimise risk to laboratory workers and, where appropriate, safely perform laboratory tests that are essential for clinical care. Wash hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after direct contact with the rash. Health workers who have unprotected exposures (i.e., not wearing appropriate PPE) to patients with monkeypox or possibly contaminated materials do not need to be excluded from work duty if asymptomatic, but should undergo active surveillance for symptoms, which includes measurement of temperature at least twice daily for 21 days following the exposure. tecovirimat, which is approved for monkeypox, but not yet widely available) can be considered under investigational or compassionate use protocols, particularly for those who have severe symptoms or who may be at risk of poor outcomes (such as those with immune suppression). Identification of additional cases and further onward spread in the countries currently reporting cases and other Member States is likely. WHO is closely monitoring the current monkeypox outbreak. Its Going Nowhere. Contacts of monkeypox cases at high risk of having caught the infection should self-isolate for 21 days, latest government guidance says. As it is spread through close physical contact, it can affect anyone. "I would say I am cautious but I am certainly not concerned about our ability to handle the situation. Signs/symptoms of concern include headache, fever, chills, sore throat, malaise, fatigue, rash, and lymphadenopathy. The first human case was identified in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Should aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) (i.e. 2020. As of July 15, 2022, no deaths have been reported due to monkeypox in the United States or Europe. A contact who develops initial signs/symptoms other than rash should be isolated and closely watched for signs of rash for the next seven days. The patient should also be instructed to wear a medical mask when they come into close contact (under 1m) with health workers or other patients, if they can tolerate it. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Infection Prevention and Control of Monkeypox in Healthcare Settings, CDCsPreventing Monkeypox Spread in Congregate Settings, Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022, New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: A review and case report from Italy, Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK, Comparison of Monkeypox Virus Clade Kinetics and Pathology within the Prairie Dog Animal Model Using a Serial Sacrifice Study Design, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), What Healthcare Professionals Should Know, For Public Health Veterinarians and Animal Health Officials, Examining Animals with Suspected Monkeypox, Reducing Stigma in Communication and Community Engagement, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. ", Mr Clarke said he was not aware of reports of a baby being in intensive care with monkeypox, adding: "What I would say is we are cautious but we are certainly not in a position where I would in anyway worry the public that this is some repeat of Covid, because it certainly does not appear to be anywhere near the same platform of seriousness.". Reported cases thus far have no established travel links to an endemic area. Most people with monkeypox have been adults and have not required hospitalization. Extended training. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(2): e0010141. Disease Outbreak News; Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms very similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. Benin and South Sudan have documented importations in the past. Laboratory confirmation of suspect cases is important but should not delay implementation of public health actions. PPE should be disposed of prior to leaving the isolation area where the patient is admitted. Exposure investigation should cover the period between five and 21 days prior to symptom onset. This includes avoiding close or physical contact with other. endobj
Figure 1. can be further used to identify contacts. Will Restaurant Week Be the Ticket? If monkeypox is suspected, the investigation should consist of (i) clinical examination of the patient using appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, (ii) questioning the patient about possible sources of infection and the presence of similar disease in the patients community and contacts, and (iii) safe collection and dispatch of specimens for monkeypox laboratory examination. Based on currently available information, cases have mainly but not exclusively been identified amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) seeking care in primary care and sexual health clinics. Cross-protective immunity from smallpox vaccination will be limited to older persons, since populations worldwide under the age of 40 or 50 years no longer benefit from the protection afforded by prior smallpox vaccination programmes. While a rash persists but in the absence of a fever or respiratory symptoms. Two-way communication on monkeypox related risks and engagement of at-risk and affected communities on prevention, detection and care, is essential for preventing further spread of monkeypox and controlling the current outbreak. Dr Hopkins warned that doctors are seeing community transmission, with cases predominantly being identified in individuals who self-identify as gay or bisexual or men who have sex with other men. Concerns have been raised by the media with regard to the amplification of the spread of monkeypox virus in the context of large gatherings. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other animal products of infected animals is a possible risk factor. Contact tracing is a key public health measure to control the spread of infectious disease pathogens such as monkeypox virus. A global case reporting form is under development. Health workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed monkeypox should implement standard, contact and droplet precautions. One or more of the following signs or symptoms, since 15 March 2022: for which the following common causes of acute rash do not explain the clinical picture: varicella zoster, herpes zoster, measles, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, herpes simplex, bacterial skin infections, disseminated gonococcus infection, primary or secondary syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, molluscum contagiosum, allergic reaction (e.g., to plants); and any other locally relevant common causes of papular or vesicular rash. <>
Samples taken from people with suspected monkeypox or animals with suspected monkeypox virus infection, should be safely handled by trained staff working in suitably equipped laboratories. Cases of monkeypox in non-endemic countries reported to WHO between 13 to 21 May 2022 as at 13:00. Attendance lists, passenger manifests, etc. While one vaccine (MVA-BN) and one specific treatment (tecovirimat) were approved for monkeypox, in 2019 and 2022 respectively, these countermeasures are not yet widely available. Surveillance to date in non-endemic areas has been limited, but is now expanding. The situation is evolving and WHO expects there will be more cases of monkeypox identified as surveillance expands in non-endemic countries. Probable and confirmed cases should be reported immediately to WHO through IHR National Focal Points (NFPs) under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. Monkeypox: Introduction. The show takes listeners inside the business end of the sports world, and explains what it means to fans and their pocketbooks. Prioritizing isolation and source control strategies helps prevent transmission while balancing the impact of this infection on the daily lives of people diagnosed with monkeypox. So far, there have been no deaths associated with this outbreak. In passive monitoring, identified contacts are provided with information on the signs/symptoms to monitor, permitted activities, and how to contact the public health department if signs/symptoms develop. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Table 1. Because of the public health risks associated with a single case of monkeypox, clinicians should report suspected cases immediately to national or local public health authorities regardless of whether they are also exploring other potential diagnoses. Contacts should monitor their temperatures twice daily. Any request for vaccine products may potentially be available in limited quantities through national authorities, depending on the country. The incubation period of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days. N.B. has an epidemiological link (face-to-face exposure, including health workers without eye and respiratory protection); direct physical contact with skin or skin lesions, including sexual contact; or contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, bedding or utensils to a probable or confirmed case of monkeypox in the 21 days before symptom onset, reported travel history to a monkeypox endemic country, has had multiple or anonymous sexual partners in the 21 days before symptom onset, face-to-face exposure (including health care workers without appropriate PPE), direct physical contact, including sexual contact, contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or bedding. Until all signs and symptoms of monkeypox illness have fully resolved. No deaths have been reported to date. The minimum data to be captured are included above under Reporting. Immediate actions focus on informing those who may be most at risk for monkeypox infection with accurate information, in order to stop further spread. Historically, vaccination against smallpox had been shown to be protective against monkeypox. While no specific measures are required at this time with regard to holding, postponing or cancelling a mass gathering in areas where monkeypox cases have been detected, information can be shared with prospective attendees of mass gatherings for them to make an informed decision. Contacts should be notified within 24 hours of identification. It allows for the interruption of transmission and can also help people at a higher risk of developing severe disease to more quickly identify their exposure, so that their health status can be monitored, and they can seek medical care faster if they become symptomatic. WHO will be providing interim technical guidance in the coming days. [1] Monkeypox endemic countries are: Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana (identified in animals only), Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. While the exact mechanisms of transmission of the present monkeypox outbreak are still being investigated, and they likely differ from those of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to remind that the general precautionary measures recommended against COVID-19 are also expected to largely protect from monkeypox virus transmission. Wear a well-fitting mask to prevent the wearer from spreading oral and respiratory secretions when interacting with others until the rash and all other symptoms have resolved. However, if a person with monkeypox is unable to remain fully isolated throughout the illness, they should do the following: These recommendations do not apply in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and outpatient clinics. Cases should be reported immediately, according to the case definitions above or nationally tailored case definitions. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. A person meeting the case definition for a suspected case. Some countries may hold smallpox vaccine products which could be considered for use according to national guidance. If the contact develops a rash, they need to be isolated and evaluated as a suspected case, and a specimen should be collected for laboratory analysis to test for monkeypox.
Healthcare workers who have cared for or otherwise been in direct or indirect contact with monkeypox patients while adhering to recommended IPC measures may undergo self-monitoring or active monitoring as determined by local public health authorities. Monkeypox, Monkeypox in the United States of America, WHO AFRO Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Public Health Agency of Canada confirms 2 cases of monkeypox, US CDC media statement. Isolation and transmission-based precautions should be continued until resolution of symptoms (including the resolution of any rash and scabs that have fallen off and healed). Suspected presence of similar disease in the patients community or amongst contacts should be further investigated (also known as backwards contact tracing). Countries may want to consider timely vaccination of close contacts as post-exposure prophylaxis or for certain groups of health care workers for pre-exposure vaccination. No associated deaths have been reported to date. 9IY He told Sky News: "As with any new disease, and obviously after the Covid pandemic doubly so, we continue to monitor this very closely. WHO is convening experts to discuss recommendations on vaccination. Climate change is increasingly threatening cities with catastrophic flooding. Speaking on Monday, Chief secretary to the Treasury Simon Clarke assured the public that monkeypox is not a "repeat of" Covid-19. In non-endemic countries, one case is considered an outbreak. Cover the lesions, wear a well-fitting mask (more information below), and avoid public transportation when leaving the home as required for medical care or an emergency. Case patients should be interviewed to elicit the names and contact information of all such persons. During human monkeypox outbreaks, close physical contact with infected persons is the most significant risk factor for monkeypox virus infection. Considerations related to risk communication and community engagement. Asymptomatic contacts can continue routine daily activities such as going to work and attending school (i.e., no quarantine is necessary), but should remain close to home for the duration of surveillance. Health information and advice should be provided avoiding any form of stigmatization of certain groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM). Further public health investigations are ongoing in non-endemic countries that have identified cases, including extensive case finding and contact tracing, laboratory investigation, clinical management and isolation provided with supportive care. Prior to reporting for work each day, the health worker should be interviewed regarding evidence of any relevant signs/symptoms as above. Direct monitoring is a variation of active monitoring that involves at least daily either physically visiting or visually examining via video for signs of illness. The identification of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox without any travel history to an endemic area in multiple countries is atypical, hence, there is an urgent need to raise awareness about monkeypox and undertake comprehensive case finding and isolation (provided with supportive care), contact tracing and supportive care to limit further onward transmission. Online training module. Active monitoring is when public health officials are responsible for checking at least once a day to see if a person under monitoring has self-reported signs/symptoms. 1 0 obj
Any patient with suspected monkeypox should be investigated and if confirmed, isolated until their lesions have crusted, the scab has fallen off and a fresh layer of skin has formed underneath. 2 0 obj
In addition, any person meeting the suspected, probable and confirmed case definition detailed above should refrain from close contact with any other individual and should not attend large gatherings. OpenWHO. Increasing awareness among potentially affected communities, as well as health care providers and laboratory workers, is essential for identifying and preventing further secondary cases and effective management of the current outbreak. Retrospective cases cannot be laboratory confirmed; however, serum from retrospective cases can be collected and tested for anti-orthopoxvirus antibodies to aid in their case classification. Any patient with suspected monkeypox should be isolated during the presumed and known infectious periods, that is during the prodromal and rash stages of the illness, respectively. Based on currently available information, cases have mainly but not exclusively been identified amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) seeking care in primary care and sexual health clinics. Deployment of pharmaceutical countermeasures including specific antivirals (i.e. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. %PDF-1.7
What is monkeypox and what are the symptoms? Considerations related to contact tracing. 1BCjBb&u,8\K2$GL'"SFFt,?B].w`VSz{R99J,]H ]+SSWx2u;dM@(KFm{v_l7xoxE+3V5^`{qb}. Since 13 May 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported to WHO from 12 Member States that are not endemic for monkeypox virus, across three WHO regions. Geographical distribution of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox in non-endemic between 13 to 21 May 2022, as at 13:00. Based on available information at this time, WHO does not recommend that Member States adopt any international travel-related measure for both, incoming and outgoing travellers. Retrospective cases found by active search may no longer have the clinical symptoms of monkeypox (they have recovered from acute illness) but may exhibit scarring and other sequelae. The identification of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox with no direct travel links to an endemic area represents a highly unusual event. In the current context, as soon as a suspected case is identified, contact identification and contact tracing should be initiated. Contacts can be monitored passively, actively, or directly. These considerations may change as we learn more from the 2022 global outbreak of monkeypox. Many are now looking to Rotterdam, and its long history of innovation when it comes to holding water at bay. Although there is no direct vaccine for monkeypox, a form of smallpox vaccine has been used in those who are contacts of cases. Surveillance for rash-like illness should be intensified and guidance provided for collection of skin samples for confirmatory testing. Masks should fit closely on the face without any gaps along the edges or around the nose and be comfortable when worn properly over the nose and mouth. Clinical laboratories should be informed in advance of samples to be submitted from persons with suspected or confirmed monkeypox, so that they can minimise risk to laboratory workers and, where appropriate, safely perform laboratory tests that are essential for clinical care. Wash hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after direct contact with the rash. Health workers who have unprotected exposures (i.e., not wearing appropriate PPE) to patients with monkeypox or possibly contaminated materials do not need to be excluded from work duty if asymptomatic, but should undergo active surveillance for symptoms, which includes measurement of temperature at least twice daily for 21 days following the exposure. tecovirimat, which is approved for monkeypox, but not yet widely available) can be considered under investigational or compassionate use protocols, particularly for those who have severe symptoms or who may be at risk of poor outcomes (such as those with immune suppression). Identification of additional cases and further onward spread in the countries currently reporting cases and other Member States is likely. WHO is closely monitoring the current monkeypox outbreak. Its Going Nowhere. Contacts of monkeypox cases at high risk of having caught the infection should self-isolate for 21 days, latest government guidance says. As it is spread through close physical contact, it can affect anyone. "I would say I am cautious but I am certainly not concerned about our ability to handle the situation. Signs/symptoms of concern include headache, fever, chills, sore throat, malaise, fatigue, rash, and lymphadenopathy. The first human case was identified in a child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970. Should aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) (i.e. 2020. As of July 15, 2022, no deaths have been reported due to monkeypox in the United States or Europe. A contact who develops initial signs/symptoms other than rash should be isolated and closely watched for signs of rash for the next seven days. The patient should also be instructed to wear a medical mask when they come into close contact (under 1m) with health workers or other patients, if they can tolerate it. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Infection Prevention and Control of Monkeypox in Healthcare Settings, CDCsPreventing Monkeypox Spread in Congregate Settings, Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022, New challenges in human monkeypox outside Africa: A review and case report from Italy, Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK, Comparison of Monkeypox Virus Clade Kinetics and Pathology within the Prairie Dog Animal Model Using a Serial Sacrifice Study Design, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), What Healthcare Professionals Should Know, For Public Health Veterinarians and Animal Health Officials, Examining Animals with Suspected Monkeypox, Reducing Stigma in Communication and Community Engagement, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. ", Mr Clarke said he was not aware of reports of a baby being in intensive care with monkeypox, adding: "What I would say is we are cautious but we are certainly not in a position where I would in anyway worry the public that this is some repeat of Covid, because it certainly does not appear to be anywhere near the same platform of seriousness.". Reported cases thus far have no established travel links to an endemic area. Most people with monkeypox have been adults and have not required hospitalization. Extended training. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(2): e0010141. Disease Outbreak News; Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries. Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms very similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. Benin and South Sudan have documented importations in the past. Laboratory confirmation of suspect cases is important but should not delay implementation of public health actions. PPE should be disposed of prior to leaving the isolation area where the patient is admitted. Exposure investigation should cover the period between five and 21 days prior to symptom onset. This includes avoiding close or physical contact with other. endobj
Figure 1. can be further used to identify contacts. Will Restaurant Week Be the Ticket? If monkeypox is suspected, the investigation should consist of (i) clinical examination of the patient using appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, (ii) questioning the patient about possible sources of infection and the presence of similar disease in the patients community and contacts, and (iii) safe collection and dispatch of specimens for monkeypox laboratory examination. Based on currently available information, cases have mainly but not exclusively been identified amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) seeking care in primary care and sexual health clinics. Cross-protective immunity from smallpox vaccination will be limited to older persons, since populations worldwide under the age of 40 or 50 years no longer benefit from the protection afforded by prior smallpox vaccination programmes. While a rash persists but in the absence of a fever or respiratory symptoms. Two-way communication on monkeypox related risks and engagement of at-risk and affected communities on prevention, detection and care, is essential for preventing further spread of monkeypox and controlling the current outbreak. Dr Hopkins warned that doctors are seeing community transmission, with cases predominantly being identified in individuals who self-identify as gay or bisexual or men who have sex with other men. Concerns have been raised by the media with regard to the amplification of the spread of monkeypox virus in the context of large gatherings. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other animal products of infected animals is a possible risk factor. Contact tracing is a key public health measure to control the spread of infectious disease pathogens such as monkeypox virus. A global case reporting form is under development. Health workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed monkeypox should implement standard, contact and droplet precautions. One or more of the following signs or symptoms, since 15 March 2022: for which the following common causes of acute rash do not explain the clinical picture: varicella zoster, herpes zoster, measles, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, herpes simplex, bacterial skin infections, disseminated gonococcus infection, primary or secondary syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, granuloma inguinale, molluscum contagiosum, allergic reaction (e.g., to plants); and any other locally relevant common causes of papular or vesicular rash. <>
Samples taken from people with suspected monkeypox or animals with suspected monkeypox virus infection, should be safely handled by trained staff working in suitably equipped laboratories. Cases of monkeypox in non-endemic countries reported to WHO between 13 to 21 May 2022 as at 13:00. Attendance lists, passenger manifests, etc. While one vaccine (MVA-BN) and one specific treatment (tecovirimat) were approved for monkeypox, in 2019 and 2022 respectively, these countermeasures are not yet widely available. Surveillance to date in non-endemic areas has been limited, but is now expanding. The situation is evolving and WHO expects there will be more cases of monkeypox identified as surveillance expands in non-endemic countries. Probable and confirmed cases should be reported immediately to WHO through IHR National Focal Points (NFPs) under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005). Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. Monkeypox: Introduction. The show takes listeners inside the business end of the sports world, and explains what it means to fans and their pocketbooks. Prioritizing isolation and source control strategies helps prevent transmission while balancing the impact of this infection on the daily lives of people diagnosed with monkeypox. So far, there have been no deaths associated with this outbreak. In passive monitoring, identified contacts are provided with information on the signs/symptoms to monitor, permitted activities, and how to contact the public health department if signs/symptoms develop. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Table 1. Because of the public health risks associated with a single case of monkeypox, clinicians should report suspected cases immediately to national or local public health authorities regardless of whether they are also exploring other potential diagnoses. Contacts should monitor their temperatures twice daily. Any request for vaccine products may potentially be available in limited quantities through national authorities, depending on the country. The incubation period of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days. N.B. has an epidemiological link (face-to-face exposure, including health workers without eye and respiratory protection); direct physical contact with skin or skin lesions, including sexual contact; or contact with contaminated materials such as clothing, bedding or utensils to a probable or confirmed case of monkeypox in the 21 days before symptom onset, reported travel history to a monkeypox endemic country, has had multiple or anonymous sexual partners in the 21 days before symptom onset, face-to-face exposure (including health care workers without appropriate PPE), direct physical contact, including sexual contact, contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or bedding. Until all signs and symptoms of monkeypox illness have fully resolved. No deaths have been reported to date. The minimum data to be captured are included above under Reporting. Immediate actions focus on informing those who may be most at risk for monkeypox infection with accurate information, in order to stop further spread. Historically, vaccination against smallpox had been shown to be protective against monkeypox. While no specific measures are required at this time with regard to holding, postponing or cancelling a mass gathering in areas where monkeypox cases have been detected, information can be shared with prospective attendees of mass gatherings for them to make an informed decision. Contacts should be notified within 24 hours of identification. It allows for the interruption of transmission and can also help people at a higher risk of developing severe disease to more quickly identify their exposure, so that their health status can be monitored, and they can seek medical care faster if they become symptomatic. WHO will be providing interim technical guidance in the coming days. [1] Monkeypox endemic countries are: Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana (identified in animals only), Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. While the exact mechanisms of transmission of the present monkeypox outbreak are still being investigated, and they likely differ from those of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to remind that the general precautionary measures recommended against COVID-19 are also expected to largely protect from monkeypox virus transmission. Wear a well-fitting mask to prevent the wearer from spreading oral and respiratory secretions when interacting with others until the rash and all other symptoms have resolved. However, if a person with monkeypox is unable to remain fully isolated throughout the illness, they should do the following: These recommendations do not apply in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and outpatient clinics. Cases should be reported immediately, according to the case definitions above or nationally tailored case definitions. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. A person meeting the case definition for a suspected case. Some countries may hold smallpox vaccine products which could be considered for use according to national guidance. If the contact develops a rash, they need to be isolated and evaluated as a suspected case, and a specimen should be collected for laboratory analysis to test for monkeypox.