In Malaysia, e-waste is classified as scheduled waste under the code SW 110, Environmental Quality Regulations 2005 and managed by the Department of Environment (DOE) and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) [78,79]. This may lead to emissions of large amounts of toxic organic pollutants and heavy metals, exposing the surrounding inhabitants and environment. The invasion of microplastics into the human body. Many major retailers in the US and other countries accept e-waste for recycling regardless of where you purchased the product. The The fourth section provides the results of this study and analyzes the results. In 2016, Indonesia generated 1274 kt of e-waste with a per capita generation of 4.9 kg [66]. It is observed that the Asian continent generated the highest e-waste, followed by Europe and the Americas. Children of these workers have been shown to have reduced birth weights and birth lengths.
Powell-Turner J., Antill P.D., Fisher R.E. Adopting this five-phase approach enables the researchers to conduct a thorough search process and critically review and analyse the articles retrieved from the databases. Aslam M.S., Huang B., Cui L. Review of construction and demolition waste management in China and USA. Global trends and future prospects of E-waste research: A bibliometric analysis. Additionally, safety, human and environmental health concerns are often ignored. Dynamic sustainability performance during urbanization process between BRICS countries. In fact, prolonged exposure to the chemicals emitted by e-waste can increase the incidence of a variety of health complications, including damage and disorder of the nervous system, kidneys, brain, heart, liver, lungs, blood system and skin. The Consultation Paper does not have a preferred option. The key issues are identified in the e-waste management including: (a) the narrow scope of e-waste categories for recycling, (b) the lack of clarity on the roles of key stakeholders involved, (c) the recycling and material recovery targets, and (d) the lack of auditing and compliance. Huisman J., Magalini F. Where Are WEEE Now? For example, Guiyu town is often referred to as the e-waste capital of the world and employs more than 150,000 locals from four villages. - If you placed all the years e-waste in a line it would be Moreover, these countries have contributed substantially to the worlds GDP, landmass, and market share. Ejiogu A.R. Handling E-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences.
Mining to produce the same metals, to meet demand for finished products in the west, also occurs in the same countries, and UNCTAD has recommended that restrictions against recycling exports be balanced against the environmental costs of recovering those materials from mining. Duan H., Hu J., Tan Q., Liu L., Wang Y., Li J. Based on the information presented in Table 5, it is evident that most of the e-waste studies in the selected countries were focused on e-waste generation, management and recycling. Today some metals are mixed in a way that makes them hard to separate. [24], EPR laws in Latin America are present but could use improvement in terms of the consistency regarding criteria for the development of new EPR programs that has impeded the broad development of EPR laws, such as post evaluation programs, overall cost of waste management, reduction in the use of resources and decrease of the public sector burden. Formal process of e-waste recycling and treatment is still rather slow. Informal e-waste collection, recycling, and its health implications on informal workers in these countries have become increasingly popular in the last 15 years [89,92,93,94]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Analysing the intention of the households to drop off mobile phones to the collection boxes: Empirical study in Malaysia. Thus, e-waste generation and management in China has remained a major problem and are fuelled by Chinas inexpensive labour and manufacturing abilities. E [emailprotected]. Each year, India domestically produces approximately 400,000 tons of e-waste [24]. [1], Greenpeace contends that residue problems are so significant that the exports of all used electronics should be banned.[2]. Undoubtedly, these studies presented opportunities to address some of the challenges associated with e-waste management. Agamuthu P., Victor D. Policy trends of E-waste management in Asia. To fulfil the aims of this study, a comprehensive review of previous research articles on e-waste published from 2005 to 2020 was conducted. a serious environmental and health problem facing the world. Bahers J.B., Kim J. Due to substantial growth in the economy coupled with rapid technological developments, e-waste generation in Indonesia has increased considerably [28,65]. Afroz R., Muhibbullah M., Farhana P., Morshed M.N. The Management of Electronic Waste: A Comparative Study on India and Switzerland. Shortly thereafter the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme (NTCRS)[31] was introduced, which mandated the first targets for electronics recycling in Australia. Noel-Brune M., Goldizen F.C., Neira M., Van Den Berg M., Lewis N., King M., Sly P.D. Informal recycling provides livelihoods for many Chinese citizens and is creating serious environmental and health concerns. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the e-waste, environmental management, challenges, health impacts, Asia Pacific. Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O. The Asia Pacific region is highly populated and is considered one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Due to the rapid increase in the use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) worldwide, e-waste has become a critical environmental issue for many governments around the world. Since that time the television and computer industry has been working with the EPHC to identify a suitable way to manage end-of-life televisions and computers. Statistics from the Department of Transportation reveal that 21,539 hazardous material incidents occurred within 2021 in the United States alone. Careers. Informal recyclers purchase used items and often either dismantle or repair them for the second-hand market. Kojima M., Yoshida A., Sasaki S. Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: Case studies in E-waste recycling in China and Thailand. There is no denying that e-waste disposal is a global problem, especially with the growing number of health issues that are caused by pollution in the air and contamination of our drinking water. Khetriwal D.S., Kraeuchi P., Widmer R. Producer responsibility for E-waste management: Key issues for considerationLearning from the Swiss experience. In Indonesia, large amounts of e-waste are imported from developed countries. This study shows that formal recycling can be expanded to all regions. According to the Confederation of Indian Industries, the Indian electronics industry has a market size of approximately USD 65 billion in 2013, and this is expected to reach USD 400 billion by the end of 2020 [52,54]. Development of policy and regulations for hazardous waste management in Malaysia. Measuring the recyclability of E-waste: An innovative method and its implications. This warrants the need for a review of the existing processes of e-waste management. Tape Drive vs Hard Drive - Which Should You Use? The preferred option will be developed by government through the public consultation process prior to the next meeting of the EPHC on 5 November 2009 in Perth where State and Federal Minister will adopt a position.[29]. PRISMA flow chart indicating the results of searches. These metals are generally categorised into precious and toxic metals. Li Y., Richardson J.B., Walker A.K., Yuan P.C. Many Asian countries have legislated, or will do so, for electronic waste recycling. For North America and Europe, the numbers are adjusted to exclude export-flows. [21][22], The loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of "intact" vs "functional". An overview of E-waste management in China. Informal recycling is most common in Asia and Africa but also occurs in Latin America. These regions also import waste, where some is recycled through formal processes, but most are informally recycled. Furthermore, this section presents the scope and the context of earlier studies on e-waste management. Top eWaste Disposal Challenges & Solutions, Data Management Challenges for IT Managers, Current Data Destruction Standards Explained, Top Electronic Recycling FAQs for IT Managers, Helpful Performance Review Tips For Managers, Top Ways To Help Your IT Team With Burnout, IT Manager Soft Skills You Need to Succeed, Top Data Protection and Privacy Challenges. The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (2002/95/EC),[12] commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS Directive), was also adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. - ICMGP 2022 mercury conference will be virtual
An analysis of E-waste flows in China. This paper is organised into five sections. TRITA-IM-EX 2015:12, Phone: +1 972 583 0000 (General Inquiry)Phone: +1 866 374 2272 (HR Inquiry)Email: U.S. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. How can flowmeters optimise your batching system? Needhidasan S., Samuel M., Chidambaram R. Electronic wasteAn emerging threat to the environment of urban India. Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Suk W.A. To ensure broad coverage of the studies in these databases, several keywords have been used for the search, which includes electronic waste, e-waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment, e-waste management, e-waste recycling, e-waste disposal methods, e-waste problems and challenges and environmental management of e-waste. Furthermore, people living in e-waste recycling towns or working in e-waste recycling sites showed evidence of greater DNA damage. In: Shiraishi T., Sonobe T., editors. Hazardous Materials: Spills and Soil Contamination an ION Science we Four new directors appointed at ION Science. The selection of these databases is due to their representativeness and coverage in the publication of top academic papers on e-waste in the selected countries. China lead the way, with 7.2 million tons per annum, while the USA (6.3), Japan (2.1), India (2.0) and Germany (1.9) trail behind. This initiative will restrain the transboundary movement of e-waste across international borders. The primary role of DOE and MNRE is pollution prevention and control through the enforcement of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974) [79,80]. Malaysia has become one of the popular destinations of e-waste imported from developed countries [139,140,141]. E-waste generated around the world and per continent in 2016 [4]. The final section presents the findings of this study, limitations associated with the current study, policy recommendations for effective e-waste management, and future research opportunities. [32], Product Stewardship Australia (PSA)[33] is a not-for-profit organisation established by the television industry to lead the way in developing recycling programs for e-waste in Australia, particularly televisions. India is among the top 10 countries in the world in e-waste generation after the U.S. and China. Awasthi A.K., Li J. Assessing resident awareness on E-waste management in Bangalore, India: A preliminary case study. The purpose of this study is to critically review the existing strategies and practices adopted by the major e-waste producing countries in the Asia Pacific region in managing and regulating e-waste to minimise the environmental and health impacts created as a result of inappropriate recycling and disposal practices. Of this total e-waste, 24.9 million tons were generated in the Asia Pacific region alone. As the waste treatment and recycling rate vary from region to region, different scenarios need to be created. A phone, laptop, or tablet? [32], this study adopted a five-phase approach. Findings indicate that, in Indonesia, infrastructure and workable systems to quantify, recycle, monitor, and handle e-waste is lacking [65,127]. Although the accuracy of some of the analyses in the present study is inescapably subjective, this study is a starting point for further research into various aspects of e-waste generation and management practices of the selected countries. What percent of e-waste is recycled? Li W., Achal V. Environmental and health impacts due to E-waste disposal in ChinaA review. The introduction of the National Waste Policy in 2009 was designed to set the direction of Australias e-waste management and resource recovery for 10 years from 2010 to 2020. A vast majority of e-waste is exported to China and Nigeria from North America. Meanwhile, toxic metals in e-waste include mercury, cadmium, lead, and chromium [2,43]. The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence and the European Unions electrical and electronic equipment directives. United Nations University; 2014. Since then the non-profit organization has been working with manufacturers, vendors and distributors of electronic and electrical goods and e-waste handlers (including re-furbishers, dismantlers and recyclers) to manage e-waste effectively. Sandelowski M. Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. AL3 6PH Guo Q., Wang E., Nie Y., Shen J. Kumar B., Bhaskar K. Electronic waste and sustainability: Reflections on a rising global challenge. Suja F., Abdul Rahman R., Yusof A., Masdar M.S. Although the per capita e-waste generated in the emerging countries is much lesser than in the developing countries, the volume generated is greater due to the growing population and market size in emerging countries such as India, China, and Indonesia. This study adopts a qualitative research method to explore the issues relating to e-waste in the selected countries from existing research over the past years to guide future research in this area. The growth in e-waste generation is anticipated worldwide because there is a strong correlation between economic growth and e-waste generation [75,76]. Arya S., Kumar S. E-waste in India at a glance: Current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. Forti et al. Electronic waste is a significant part of today's global, post-consumer waste stream. Precious metals include gold, silver, aluminium, iron, copper, platinum, etc. It also requires the recycling of unnecessary materials discarded in the manufacturing process. Things You Should Include in your Data Breach Plan, List Of Important Stats Regarding E-Waste, What Does the EPA Say About Electronic Waste Disposal, What is a Degausser and Why Should You Consider Using One, Recycling Misconceptions: Electronics Shredder. Bhaskar and Kumar [25] added that implementing appropriate e-waste management strategies will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals and reduce the global climate crisis through developing the necessary, needed, and required e-waste policies. United Kingdom, T +44 (0)1727 858 840 Oak Court Business Centre "Products covered under this legislation include TVs, computers, laptops, and scanners. Forecasting product returns for recycling in Indian electronics industry. The informal sector illegally collects, treats, and disposes of discarded EEE, causing huge environmental and health issues. This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. Veenstra A., Wang C., Fan W., Ru Y. [9] However, the application of the WEEE Directive has been criticized for implementing the EPR concept in a collective manner, and thereby losing the competitive incentive of individual manufacturers to be rewarded for their green design. Qu Y., Wang W., Liu Y., Zhu Q. The search is limited to the title and the abstract to focus on the search results. To resolve the nations escalating e-waste challenges, the Australian government established the National Waste Policy in 2019 to integrate existing policies and regulatory frameworks for e-waste management [9,45,48]. They also highlight the challenges associated with e-waste management and the need for developing comprehensive e-waste management strategies. Not all e-waste recycling is the same. Interestingly, the African continent produced one of the lowest e-waste even though it is the second most populated continent in the world [35]. Human exposure to toxic metals and environmental pollution has become a major health risk in Africa and is the subject of increasing attention to national and international researchers and environmentalists [37,38]. Electronic waste has been on the agenda of the Australian Federal Government since the mid-1990s. Song Q.B., Li J.H., Liu L.L., Dong Q.Y., Yang J., Liang Y.Y., Zhang C. Measuring the generation and management status of waste office equipment in China: A case study of waste printers. Ongondo F.O., Williams I.D., Cherrett T.J. How are WEEE doing? Those involving e-waste are the 2004 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules and the 2008 Hazardous and Waste Management Rules. New regulations are classified as the 2010 E-waste Management and Handling Rules, which became effective in 2012 [60]. Heeks R., Subramanian L., Jones C. Understanding E-waste management in developing countries: Strategies, determinants, and policy implications in the Indian ICT sector. E-waste, or electronic waste, is a term used to describe discarded electronics.
Israels e-waste laws have resulted in much greater participation in recycling. [25] Theyve since been working to implement a law, with the help of the National Environment Commission (CONAMA), that would add regulatory power over waste production. In informal recycling, precious materials are recovered, but various uncontrolled methods are used. In August 2013, the Chilean congress approved a law that established a framework for waste management, EPR and the encouragement of recycling. The results of the analysis show [47,142,143] minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies [47,144,145,146,147]. There are improvement opportunities for all regions. Gu Y., Wu Y., Xu M., Mu X., Zuo T. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling for a sustainable resource supply in the electronics industry in China. Peeters J.R., Vanegas P., Van Den Bossche W., Devoldere T., Dewulf W., Duflou J.R. Elastomer-based fastener development to facilitate rapid disassembly for consumer products. The major issue with the current e-waste management practices is: (a) lack of efficient collection and recycling systems and (b) lack of mechanisms to hold producers of EEE accountable for the end-of-life disposal [2]. With an initial focus on televisions, computers and computer peripherals the NTCRS is aims to significantly increase recycling rates for electronics in Australia, from an estimated 17.00% in 2010 to 30.00% in 2012/13 and up to 80.00% by 2021/22. Awasthi A.K., Zeng X., Li J. The RoHS Directive took effect on July 1, 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state. Inside Sales, Modern Slavery Statement |Privacy |Legal | Cookies| Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson 1994-2022. It was designed to make equipment manufacturers financially or physically responsible for their equipment at the end of its life, under a policy known as Extended producer responsibility (EPR).
Legislation followed in 1998, and since January 2005 it has been possible to return all electronic waste to the sales points and other collection points free of charge. 
Powell-Turner J., Antill P.D., Fisher R.E. Adopting this five-phase approach enables the researchers to conduct a thorough search process and critically review and analyse the articles retrieved from the databases. Aslam M.S., Huang B., Cui L. Review of construction and demolition waste management in China and USA. Global trends and future prospects of E-waste research: A bibliometric analysis. Additionally, safety, human and environmental health concerns are often ignored. Dynamic sustainability performance during urbanization process between BRICS countries. In fact, prolonged exposure to the chemicals emitted by e-waste can increase the incidence of a variety of health complications, including damage and disorder of the nervous system, kidneys, brain, heart, liver, lungs, blood system and skin. The Consultation Paper does not have a preferred option. The key issues are identified in the e-waste management including: (a) the narrow scope of e-waste categories for recycling, (b) the lack of clarity on the roles of key stakeholders involved, (c) the recycling and material recovery targets, and (d) the lack of auditing and compliance. Huisman J., Magalini F. Where Are WEEE Now? For example, Guiyu town is often referred to as the e-waste capital of the world and employs more than 150,000 locals from four villages. - If you placed all the years e-waste in a line it would be Moreover, these countries have contributed substantially to the worlds GDP, landmass, and market share. Ejiogu A.R. Handling E-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences.
Mining to produce the same metals, to meet demand for finished products in the west, also occurs in the same countries, and UNCTAD has recommended that restrictions against recycling exports be balanced against the environmental costs of recovering those materials from mining. Duan H., Hu J., Tan Q., Liu L., Wang Y., Li J. Based on the information presented in Table 5, it is evident that most of the e-waste studies in the selected countries were focused on e-waste generation, management and recycling. Today some metals are mixed in a way that makes them hard to separate. [24], EPR laws in Latin America are present but could use improvement in terms of the consistency regarding criteria for the development of new EPR programs that has impeded the broad development of EPR laws, such as post evaluation programs, overall cost of waste management, reduction in the use of resources and decrease of the public sector burden. Formal process of e-waste recycling and treatment is still rather slow. Informal e-waste collection, recycling, and its health implications on informal workers in these countries have become increasingly popular in the last 15 years [89,92,93,94]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Analysing the intention of the households to drop off mobile phones to the collection boxes: Empirical study in Malaysia. Thus, e-waste generation and management in China has remained a major problem and are fuelled by Chinas inexpensive labour and manufacturing abilities. E [emailprotected]. Each year, India domestically produces approximately 400,000 tons of e-waste [24]. [1], Greenpeace contends that residue problems are so significant that the exports of all used electronics should be banned.[2]. Undoubtedly, these studies presented opportunities to address some of the challenges associated with e-waste management. Agamuthu P., Victor D. Policy trends of E-waste management in Asia. To fulfil the aims of this study, a comprehensive review of previous research articles on e-waste published from 2005 to 2020 was conducted. a serious environmental and health problem facing the world. Bahers J.B., Kim J. Due to substantial growth in the economy coupled with rapid technological developments, e-waste generation in Indonesia has increased considerably [28,65]. Afroz R., Muhibbullah M., Farhana P., Morshed M.N. The Management of Electronic Waste: A Comparative Study on India and Switzerland. Shortly thereafter the National Television and Computer Recycling Scheme (NTCRS)[31] was introduced, which mandated the first targets for electronics recycling in Australia. Noel-Brune M., Goldizen F.C., Neira M., Van Den Berg M., Lewis N., King M., Sly P.D. Informal recycling provides livelihoods for many Chinese citizens and is creating serious environmental and health concerns. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the e-waste, environmental management, challenges, health impacts, Asia Pacific. Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O. The Asia Pacific region is highly populated and is considered one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Due to the rapid increase in the use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) worldwide, e-waste has become a critical environmental issue for many governments around the world. Since that time the television and computer industry has been working with the EPHC to identify a suitable way to manage end-of-life televisions and computers. Statistics from the Department of Transportation reveal that 21,539 hazardous material incidents occurred within 2021 in the United States alone. Careers. Informal recyclers purchase used items and often either dismantle or repair them for the second-hand market. Kojima M., Yoshida A., Sasaki S. Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: Case studies in E-waste recycling in China and Thailand. There is no denying that e-waste disposal is a global problem, especially with the growing number of health issues that are caused by pollution in the air and contamination of our drinking water. Khetriwal D.S., Kraeuchi P., Widmer R. Producer responsibility for E-waste management: Key issues for considerationLearning from the Swiss experience. In Indonesia, large amounts of e-waste are imported from developed countries. This study shows that formal recycling can be expanded to all regions. According to the Confederation of Indian Industries, the Indian electronics industry has a market size of approximately USD 65 billion in 2013, and this is expected to reach USD 400 billion by the end of 2020 [52,54]. Development of policy and regulations for hazardous waste management in Malaysia. Measuring the recyclability of E-waste: An innovative method and its implications. This warrants the need for a review of the existing processes of e-waste management. Tape Drive vs Hard Drive - Which Should You Use? The preferred option will be developed by government through the public consultation process prior to the next meeting of the EPHC on 5 November 2009 in Perth where State and Federal Minister will adopt a position.[29]. PRISMA flow chart indicating the results of searches. These metals are generally categorised into precious and toxic metals. Li Y., Richardson J.B., Walker A.K., Yuan P.C. Many Asian countries have legislated, or will do so, for electronic waste recycling. For North America and Europe, the numbers are adjusted to exclude export-flows. [21][22], The loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of "intact" vs "functional". An overview of E-waste management in China. Informal recycling is most common in Asia and Africa but also occurs in Latin America. These regions also import waste, where some is recycled through formal processes, but most are informally recycled. Furthermore, this section presents the scope and the context of earlier studies on e-waste management. Top eWaste Disposal Challenges & Solutions, Data Management Challenges for IT Managers, Current Data Destruction Standards Explained, Top Electronic Recycling FAQs for IT Managers, Helpful Performance Review Tips For Managers, Top Ways To Help Your IT Team With Burnout, IT Manager Soft Skills You Need to Succeed, Top Data Protection and Privacy Challenges. The Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (2002/95/EC),[12] commonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS Directive), was also adopted in February 2003 by the European Union. - ICMGP 2022 mercury conference will be virtual
An analysis of E-waste flows in China. This paper is organised into five sections. TRITA-IM-EX 2015:12, Phone: +1 972 583 0000 (General Inquiry)Phone: +1 866 374 2272 (HR Inquiry)Email: U.S. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. How can flowmeters optimise your batching system? Needhidasan S., Samuel M., Chidambaram R. Electronic wasteAn emerging threat to the environment of urban India. Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Suk W.A. To ensure broad coverage of the studies in these databases, several keywords have been used for the search, which includes electronic waste, e-waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment, e-waste management, e-waste recycling, e-waste disposal methods, e-waste problems and challenges and environmental management of e-waste. Furthermore, people living in e-waste recycling towns or working in e-waste recycling sites showed evidence of greater DNA damage. In: Shiraishi T., Sonobe T., editors. Hazardous Materials: Spills and Soil Contamination an ION Science we Four new directors appointed at ION Science. The selection of these databases is due to their representativeness and coverage in the publication of top academic papers on e-waste in the selected countries. China lead the way, with 7.2 million tons per annum, while the USA (6.3), Japan (2.1), India (2.0) and Germany (1.9) trail behind. This initiative will restrain the transboundary movement of e-waste across international borders. The primary role of DOE and MNRE is pollution prevention and control through the enforcement of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (EQA 1974) [79,80]. Malaysia has become one of the popular destinations of e-waste imported from developed countries [139,140,141]. E-waste generated around the world and per continent in 2016 [4]. The final section presents the findings of this study, limitations associated with the current study, policy recommendations for effective e-waste management, and future research opportunities. [32], Product Stewardship Australia (PSA)[33] is a not-for-profit organisation established by the television industry to lead the way in developing recycling programs for e-waste in Australia, particularly televisions. India is among the top 10 countries in the world in e-waste generation after the U.S. and China. Awasthi A.K., Li J. Assessing resident awareness on E-waste management in Bangalore, India: A preliminary case study. The purpose of this study is to critically review the existing strategies and practices adopted by the major e-waste producing countries in the Asia Pacific region in managing and regulating e-waste to minimise the environmental and health impacts created as a result of inappropriate recycling and disposal practices. Of this total e-waste, 24.9 million tons were generated in the Asia Pacific region alone. As the waste treatment and recycling rate vary from region to region, different scenarios need to be created. A phone, laptop, or tablet? [32], this study adopted a five-phase approach. Findings indicate that, in Indonesia, infrastructure and workable systems to quantify, recycle, monitor, and handle e-waste is lacking [65,127]. Although the accuracy of some of the analyses in the present study is inescapably subjective, this study is a starting point for further research into various aspects of e-waste generation and management practices of the selected countries. What percent of e-waste is recycled? Li W., Achal V. Environmental and health impacts due to E-waste disposal in ChinaA review. The introduction of the National Waste Policy in 2009 was designed to set the direction of Australias e-waste management and resource recovery for 10 years from 2010 to 2020. A vast majority of e-waste is exported to China and Nigeria from North America. Meanwhile, toxic metals in e-waste include mercury, cadmium, lead, and chromium [2,43]. The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence and the European Unions electrical and electronic equipment directives. United Nations University; 2014. Since then the non-profit organization has been working with manufacturers, vendors and distributors of electronic and electrical goods and e-waste handlers (including re-furbishers, dismantlers and recyclers) to manage e-waste effectively. Sandelowski M. Combining qualitative and quantitative sampling, data collection, and analysis techniques in mixed-method studies. AL3 6PH Guo Q., Wang E., Nie Y., Shen J. Kumar B., Bhaskar K. Electronic waste and sustainability: Reflections on a rising global challenge. Suja F., Abdul Rahman R., Yusof A., Masdar M.S. Although the per capita e-waste generated in the emerging countries is much lesser than in the developing countries, the volume generated is greater due to the growing population and market size in emerging countries such as India, China, and Indonesia. This study adopts a qualitative research method to explore the issues relating to e-waste in the selected countries from existing research over the past years to guide future research in this area. The growth in e-waste generation is anticipated worldwide because there is a strong correlation between economic growth and e-waste generation [75,76]. Arya S., Kumar S. E-waste in India at a glance: Current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. Forti et al. Electronic waste is a significant part of today's global, post-consumer waste stream. Precious metals include gold, silver, aluminium, iron, copper, platinum, etc. It also requires the recycling of unnecessary materials discarded in the manufacturing process. Things You Should Include in your Data Breach Plan, List Of Important Stats Regarding E-Waste, What Does the EPA Say About Electronic Waste Disposal, What is a Degausser and Why Should You Consider Using One, Recycling Misconceptions: Electronics Shredder. Bhaskar and Kumar [25] added that implementing appropriate e-waste management strategies will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals and reduce the global climate crisis through developing the necessary, needed, and required e-waste policies. United Kingdom, T +44 (0)1727 858 840 Oak Court Business Centre "Products covered under this legislation include TVs, computers, laptops, and scanners. Forecasting product returns for recycling in Indian electronics industry. The informal sector illegally collects, treats, and disposes of discarded EEE, causing huge environmental and health issues. This directive restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. Veenstra A., Wang C., Fan W., Ru Y. [9] However, the application of the WEEE Directive has been criticized for implementing the EPR concept in a collective manner, and thereby losing the competitive incentive of individual manufacturers to be rewarded for their green design. Qu Y., Wang W., Liu Y., Zhu Q. The search is limited to the title and the abstract to focus on the search results. To resolve the nations escalating e-waste challenges, the Australian government established the National Waste Policy in 2019 to integrate existing policies and regulatory frameworks for e-waste management [9,45,48]. They also highlight the challenges associated with e-waste management and the need for developing comprehensive e-waste management strategies. Not all e-waste recycling is the same. Interestingly, the African continent produced one of the lowest e-waste even though it is the second most populated continent in the world [35]. Human exposure to toxic metals and environmental pollution has become a major health risk in Africa and is the subject of increasing attention to national and international researchers and environmentalists [37,38]. Electronic waste has been on the agenda of the Australian Federal Government since the mid-1990s. Song Q.B., Li J.H., Liu L.L., Dong Q.Y., Yang J., Liang Y.Y., Zhang C. Measuring the generation and management status of waste office equipment in China: A case study of waste printers. Ongondo F.O., Williams I.D., Cherrett T.J. How are WEEE doing? Those involving e-waste are the 2004 Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules and the 2008 Hazardous and Waste Management Rules. New regulations are classified as the 2010 E-waste Management and Handling Rules, which became effective in 2012 [60]. Heeks R., Subramanian L., Jones C. Understanding E-waste management in developing countries: Strategies, determinants, and policy implications in the Indian ICT sector. E-waste, or electronic waste, is a term used to describe discarded electronics. Israels e-waste laws have resulted in much greater participation in recycling. [25] Theyve since been working to implement a law, with the help of the National Environment Commission (CONAMA), that would add regulatory power over waste production. In informal recycling, precious materials are recovered, but various uncontrolled methods are used. In August 2013, the Chilean congress approved a law that established a framework for waste management, EPR and the encouragement of recycling. The results of the analysis show [47,142,143] minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies [47,144,145,146,147]. There are improvement opportunities for all regions. Gu Y., Wu Y., Xu M., Mu X., Zuo T. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling for a sustainable resource supply in the electronics industry in China. Peeters J.R., Vanegas P., Van Den Bossche W., Devoldere T., Dewulf W., Duflou J.R. Elastomer-based fastener development to facilitate rapid disassembly for consumer products. The major issue with the current e-waste management practices is: (a) lack of efficient collection and recycling systems and (b) lack of mechanisms to hold producers of EEE accountable for the end-of-life disposal [2]. With an initial focus on televisions, computers and computer peripherals the NTCRS is aims to significantly increase recycling rates for electronics in Australia, from an estimated 17.00% in 2010 to 30.00% in 2012/13 and up to 80.00% by 2021/22. Awasthi A.K., Zeng X., Li J. The RoHS Directive took effect on July 1, 2006, and is required to be enforced and become law in each member state. Inside Sales, Modern Slavery Statement |Privacy |Legal | Cookies| Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson 1994-2022. It was designed to make equipment manufacturers financially or physically responsible for their equipment at the end of its life, under a policy known as Extended producer responsibility (EPR).
Legislation followed in 1998, and since January 2005 it has been possible to return all electronic waste to the sales points and other collection points free of charge.