Forster H, Schmidt RR, Santel HJ, Andree R. FOE 5043a new selective herbicide from oxyacetamide group. The initiation of green revolution in mid sixties, expansion of irrigation and adoption of high yielding varieties helped a lot in increasing wheat productivity. Untreated weed infestation can result in dramatic reduction in wheat yield by 57%,16 therefore farmers are being forced to harvest immature crops. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. Treatment with 20mg/kg isoproturon decreased the root length to 44% of the control. Javaid A, Bajwa R, Rabbani N, Anjum T. Comparative tolerance of six rice (, Gill HS, Wallia US. Chokkar and coworkers38 showed that infestation of isoproturon resistant population caused >65% wheat grain yield reduction with the recommended rate of isoproturon (1000gha1) application. After the independence (195051) the production of wheat in India was only 6.46million tons and productivity was mere 663kg/ha, insufficient to feed the Indian population (almost 1214.3million). Detoxification and activation of agrochemicals in plants. Under the circumstances in which chlorophyll electrons are not replaced, the chlorophyll is destroyed and the plants food manufacturing system breaks down. Weeds compete with crop species for water, nutrients and light and ultimately reduce crop yield.4 Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Their application can therefore result in visible crop injuries i.e., leaf chlorosis, necrosis, plant deformations, decolorization, leaves withering, growth retardation.17,18. Oxygen concentrations in the medium were weakly but significantly reduced after 24h exposure to 2g L1 isoproturon.
Although isoproturon recommendation has been withdrawn from ricewheat cropping zones, resistance in littleseed canarygrass is spreading in other areas where isoproturon has been used for several years because it is inexpensive and has broad-spectum weed control. Oxidative stress was also induced. Response of Fenoxaprop and Other Herbicides on Isoproturon Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Little Seed Canary Grass and Other Weeds in Wheat, Effect of Sulfosulfuron and Mesosulfuron+Iodosulfuron on Weeds and Wheat Yield, Effect of Tillage and Herbicides on Weeds and Wheat in Transplanted Rice-Wheat System, A field investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of herbicides and their mixtures on weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv.
Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1997. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989; 65-101. Treatment with isoproturon at 2, 3.5, 5, 10, and 20mg/kg progressively inhibited the shoot growth, as expressed by dry weight. However, the eradication of weeds through chemicals is considered suitable for more area during short period of time. Horgan DB, Zabkiewicz JA. Induction of glutathione and glutathione associated enzymes in butachlor-tolerant plant species. American Chemical Society: Washington DC, 2005; 216-32. An overview of the mechanisms of action of herbicide safeners. Its measurement is rapid and non- invasive. The term mode of action refers to the sequence of events from absorption into plants to plant death, or, in other words, how an herbicide works to injure or kill the plant. Bloomberg JR. Axiom R a new soil applied graminicide for maize and soyabean. Effects of brassinosteroids on growth and yields of crops. Chlorophyll fluorescence measures a number of parameters linked to physiology like quantum yield (Fv/Fm), which is a measure of maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Bir SS, Sidhu M. Observation in the weed flora of cultivable lands in Punjab-wheat fields in Patiala district. North-West, North-East, Central, Peninsular and Northern hill region. Therefore, potential use of BRs as natural safeners could prove to be a better choice for protecting cereal crops from herbicide injury. In: Sakurai A, Yokota T, Clouse SD, Brassinosteroids: Steroidal Plant Hormones. This herbicide inhibits the Hill reaction in photosynthetic electron transport, with subsequent inhibition of ATP and NADPH2 formation; irreversible damage to the photosynthesis process leads to a permanent lack of food production in the susceptible plant. In India, it is the second important food crop being next to rice. Ali M, Sabir S. Mohy-ud-din Q, Ali MA. India is broadly divided into five wheat zones based on agro-climatic conditions viz. Mechanisms of action of herbicide safeners: an overview. Grossmann K. Auxin herbicide action: lifting the veil step by step. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in wheat plants24 showed a substantial change compared with the control, when subjected to isoproturon exposure. These safeners interact with the receptor proteins of herbicides to downregulate the impact of herbicide at the target. Field experiment conducted during the winter seasons of 199798 and 199899 revealed that sulfosulfuron 25 g+0.1% surfactant, isoproturon 1000 g and tank mixture of isoproturon+metsulfuron methyl.
Post-independence lagging of Indian agriculture to feed its population led to haphazard use of chemical pesticides and weedicides which deteriorated the productivity pay-off particularly of wheat and rice. Pontefreitas A, Haddad G, Ravanel P, Tissut M. Penetration of isoproturon and inhibition of photosynthesis after droplet deposition on leaf fragments. Wheat grown area in India is about 27.99 million ha with a production of 75.81 million tons. Fenoxaprop alone was found highly effective against isoproturon resistant and susceptible biotypes of little seed canary grass and combined with metsulfuron proved next best in minimising complex weed flora and giving satisfactory wheat yield. Sasse J. Physiological actions of brassinosteroids. Herbicides are used to manage unwanted vegetation or weeds but their inappropriate use causes damage to non-target plants as well. The studies revealed that all doses of sulfosulfuron (25, 37.5 and 50 q/ha) and mesos sulfururon+iodosulfur (12, 18 and 24 q/ ha) were at par with each other in terms of yield of wheat as these herbicides gave an effective kill of weeds. Good crops of wheat are also raised in sandy loams and black soils. Herbicide safeners can also be a good option. Status paper on wheat consortium of indian farmers associations. Therefore, second fortnight of November is optimum time of sowing in northern plains. The bioaccumulation and effects of herbicide isoproturon on two freshwater rooted macrophytes Elodeadensa and Ludwigianatans were studied.19 The results showed a significant growth inhibition of E.densa cuttings to isoproturon concentration close to 10g L1. The authors greatly thank the King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Science Research Centre for their financial support. Techniques for potential enhancement of crop production. Savary S, Srivastava RK, Singh HM, Elazegui FA. The use of isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea], a phenyl urea herbicide induces oxidative stress and decreased chlorophyll content in T.aestivum at even very low concentrations.24 Isoproturon blocks the flow of electrons through PS I of photosynthesis by binding to D1 protein in the thylakoid membrane. An alternate measurement is fluorescence decline ratio (Rfd) which Horgan and Zabkiewicz34 investigated in wheat and two other plant species with herbicides dalapon and diuron and noticed visible damage in leaves of wheat after 3d. An experiment35 conducted on maize by treating it with isoproturon and concluded that isoproturon resulted in the accumulation of H2O2 in leaves of 10d old maize seedling. Most appropriate time of sowing is when the daily ambient temperature drops to 2022C. ), Efficacy of Certain Tribenuron-Methyl Formulations for the Control of Broad-Leaved Weeds in Wheat under Field Conditions, Economics and yield of wheat as affected by pre and post-emergence herbicides in western Terai Region of Nepal, Efficacy of Some Post-emergence Herbicides and their Mixtures Against Complex Weed Flora in Wheat, The Growth and Yield of Sweet Corn under Minimum Tillage Technology by Using Various Doses of Herbicide Mixtures of Glyphosate and 2,4-D, INCREASING BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) COMPETITIVE ABILITY TO COLLATERAL WEEDS BY DIFFERENT SEED RATING AND SOME HERBICIDES, Evaluation of different weed management practices on nutrient uptake, yield and soil microbial population of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Influence of Varieties and Herbicide Mixtures on Wheat Based Cropping System in Relation to Phytotoxicity and Residual Soil Nutrients, EFFICACY OF POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES FOR CONTROLLING CURLED DOCK (RUMEX CRISPUS L.) IN WHEAT CROPS, Valuation of Weed Control Methods by using Inter Row Rotary Weeder in Sugarcane Crop, Bio-efficacy of herbicides on weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its residual effect on succeeding cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Influence of Herbicides and Methods of Sowing on Weed Dynamics in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Performance of metsulfuron methyl and pendimethalin alone and their mixtures with isoproturon on weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed crop, Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds to iirrigation schedule and pendimethalin, Current Status of Phalaris minor Resistance against Isoproturon and Alternate Herbicides in the Rice-wheat Cropping Systems in Punjab, Effect of Doses and Stages of Application of Sulfosulfuron on Weeds and Wheat Yield. The treatments included control, handweeding (twice) and three concentrations of isoproturon (35DAS) viz. As a result the repeated use of a specific type of herbicide on the same land has developed resistance in some type of weeds to these chemicals. Herbicides can be classified in several ways, including the weed control spectrum, labeled crop usage, chemical families, mode of action, application timing/method, and others. Hatzios KK. that impose serious problems in wheat fields. Herbicide is a chemical used to kill or inhibit the growth of weeds and other unwanted plant pests. Choudary PVS, Ali SMA. The content of chlorophyll significantly decreased even after the exposure to 2mg/kg of isoproturon, the chlorophyll content decreased by 11% as compared with the control. Dastgheib F, Field RJ. 1.0kg/ha, 1.0kg/ha + 0.1% surfactant and 1.5kg/ha. Likewise, monocot weeds viz., Gehusa/Gullidanda / Gehun ka mama (Phalarisminor), wild oats (Avenafatua), Piazi (Asphodelustenuifolius) etc. Kreuz K, Tommasini R, Martinoia E. Old enzymes for a new job: herbicide detoxification in plants. Kamuro Y, Takatsuto S. Application of brassinosteroids In: Sakurai A, Yokota T, Clouse SD, Brassinosteroids: Steroidal Plant Hormones. Past some decades witnessed the potential use of certain phytohormones in augmenting abiotic stress to get rid of yield gap and productivity constraints. www.landesbioscience.com/journals/psb/article/19689. Yield reducing factors also encompass disease, insects and weed infestation. government site. Riechers DE, Vaughn KC, Molin WT. The site is secure.
Herbicide resistant weeds and herbicide toxicity to non-target crops are the major obstructions in the way of high production of cultivated crops. (1) The farmers include continuous use of isoproturon for many years, under dosing and inappropriate application methods.40-42 (2) The recommended dose of isoproturon (1000ga.i./ha) was not effective against P.minor due to resistance development and a double dose (2000 ga.i./ha) failed to provide effective control and resulted in large scale yield reduction in wheat.36,40 Alternative herbicides used for control of isoproturon resistant Phalarisminor were cloninafop, fenoxaprop, trialkoxydim and sulphosulfuron. Evaluated herbicide mix could be helpful in reducing herbicide residue in soil and prevent or delay the development of herbicide resistance weeds, and it is suggested that pre-mix sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron or clodinafop+metsulfur could be used to control broad spectrum of weeds in wheat. The effects on chlorophyll fluorescence in wheat, KR-1(R) and H-2 (S) biotypes of Phalarisminor were measured.17 A 4-h treatment of excised leaves incubated in isoproturon solution (0.025 and 0.05mM concentration) resulted in a decreased fluorescence coefficient [Fv/Fmratio, in which Fv=variable fluorescence (Fm-Fo); Fm=the maximum fluorescence and Fo=initial fluorescence] in wheat (T.aestivum L.) and both biotypes of P.minor. Moreover, the activity of GST, one of typical detoxifying enzymes, was elevated in response to isoproturon. Evaluation of new herbicides against mixed weed flora in wheat. Its infestation has been a longstanding management problem for farmers. Rice pest constraints in tropical Asia: quantification of yield losses due to rice pests in a range of production situations. ACS Symposium Series 777. Cobb and Reade77 proposed that for more than 60y, auxins are being used as herbicides which have low persistence and are unlikely to create environment related problems in future also. Nemat Alla MM, Hassan NM, El-Bastawisy ZM. The authors are thankful to Chairman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, India for providing the necessary facilities. Khan MS, Chaudhry P, Wani PA, Zaidi A. Biotoxic effects of the herbicides on growth, seed yield, and grain protein of greengram. ACS Symposium Series 777. PMC legacy view