What is the molecularity of the RDS of a zero order complex reaction? The catalyst avoids this problem as the energy gain resulting from the binding of nitrogen atoms to the catalyst surface overcompensates for the necessary dissociation energy so that the reaction is finally exothermic. [12] During World War I, the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate. 
Was Mister Kitson and/or the planet of Kitson based on/named after George Kitson? {\displaystyle i} High concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, which occur in synthesis gas from carbonization coke, are removed in a wet cleaning stage such as the Sulfosolvan process, while low concentrations are removed by adsorption on activated carbon. The catalyst has its highest efficiency at temperatures of about 400 to 500C. The main source was mining niter deposits and guano from tropical islands. Such a process is called an absorbent-enhanced Haber process or adsorbent-enhanced Haber-Bosch process. Also the required nitrogen for the subsequent ammonia synthesis is added to the gas mixture. Unfortunately, the rapid cooling ultimately forms a catalyst of reduced abrasion resistance. In academic literature, more complete separation of ammonia has been proposed by absorption in metal halides and by adsorption on zeolites. Because the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant becomes unity at around 150200C (302392F) (see Le Chtelier's principle). [2][3] It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The pulverized iron is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite or wstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. Therefore, this particular $\sigma$ donation will decrease N-H bond strength, which supports the monomolecular reaction mechanism for such a surface (this does put us somewhere in the grey zone between heterogenous and homogenous catalysis). Math Proofs - why are they important and how are they useful? [3] The wstite phase is reduced faster and at lower temperatures than the magnetite phase (Fe3O4). Thanks for the answer here on an old question! Is the rate of a zero order reaction always independent of the concentration of its reactants? [7] At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demands,[8] and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important. The secondary reformer is supplied with air as oxygen source. The metal surface has catalytic centres, quartz obviously hasn't? Nowadays, most plants resemble the original Haber process (20MPa (200bar; 2,900psi) and 500C (932F)), albeit with improved single-pass conversion and lower energy consumption due to process and catalyst optimization. The gas mixture is then compressed to operating pressure by turbo compressors. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. Ethics of keeping a gift card you won at a raffle at a conference your company sent you to? The reduction of the magnetite proceeds via the formation of wstite (FeO), so that particles with a core of magnetite surrounded by a shell of wstite are formed. The volume fraction of ammonia in the gas mixture is about 20%.
Why are the products of Grignard reaction on an alpha-chiral ketone diastereomers rather than a racemate? [3], The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.53.5MPa (2535bar; 360510psi), and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6 to 18MPa (60 to 180bar; 870 to 2,610psi), depending upon which proprietary process is used. What is the purpose of overlapping windows in acoustic signal processing?
You would do this if it is particularly important to use up as much as possible of the other reactant - if, for example, it was much more expensive. [40] Organosulfur compounds are separated by pressure swing adsorption together with carbon dioxide after CO conversion. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. [54], Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50%,[55] farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats. is the pressure in the reactor, and Cholera Vaccine: Dubai? Infrared spectroscopically detected surface imides (NHad), surface amides (NH2,ad) and surface ammoniacates (NH3,ad) are formed, the latter decay under NH3 release (desorption). The conversion, steam reforming, is conducted with steam in a high-temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst, separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas, yielding hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide waste. The further reduction of magnetite and wstite leads to the formation of -iron, which forms together with the promoters the outer shell. [ "article:topic", "Haber Process", "authorname:clarkj", "showtoc:no", "source@https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)%2FEquilibria%2FLe_Chateliers_Principle%2FThe_Haber_Process, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\), source@https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. where [3] In contrast, exchange reactions between hydrogen and deuterium on the HaberBosch catalysts still take place at temperatures of 196C (320.8F) at a measurable rate; the exchange between deuterium and hydrogen on the ammonia molecule also takes place at room temperature. This wastes reactor space - particularly space on the surface of the catalyst. [27] With the exception of cobalt oxide, the promoters are not reduced. [31], Ruthenium forms highly active catalysts. Show that decomposition of AsH3 follows first order kinetics. But, why and HOW does it behave differently with quartz? Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. The surface nitride is very strongly bound to the surface. For low partial pressures of A, the reaction thus approximately follows first order kinetics and zeroth order for high $p_A$. However, the cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process.
This further reduces the pressure drop in the converter.[43].
A flow scheme for the Haber Process looks like this: The proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen: The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen going into the reactor is in the ratio of 1 volume of nitrogen to 3 volumes of hydrogen.
Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The gas mixture then still contains methane and noble gases such as argon, which, however, behave inertly.[34]. In addition, running compressors takes considerable energy, as work must be done on the (very compressible) gas. $\ce{SiO2}$ is not a substance that comes to mind when we are looking for a $\sigma$ acid. Which Marvel Universe is this Doctor Strange from? [3], When first invented, the Haber process competed against another industrial process, the cyanamide process. Alternatively, the reaction mixture between the catalyst layers is cooled using heat exchangers, whereby the hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is preheated to reaction temperature. [3], The reduction of the catalyst precursor magnetite to -iron is carried out directly in the production plant with synthesis gas. Georges Claude even proposed to have three or four converters with liquefaction steps in series, thereby omitting the need for a recycle. What organelles(parts of a cell) did early cells most likely have? [48] The number of B5 sites depends on the size and shape of the ruthenium particles, the ruthenium precursor and the amount of ruthenium used. During the 19th century, the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing. The gas mixture is cooled to 450C in a heat exchanger using water, freshly supplied gases and other process streams. [37] For this reason, a ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen of 1 to 3, a pressure of 250 to 350 bar, a temperature of 450 to 550C and iron are used as catalysts.
This page titled The Haber Process is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. What happens if a debt is denominated in something that does not have a clear value? Other fossil fuel sources include coal, heavy fuel oil and naphtha. [9][10] They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about 125mL (4USfloz) per hour.
The nitrogen in the state is more strongly bound with 31 kJmol1. [4][50][51][52] In combination with advances in breeding, herbicides and pesticides, these fertilizers have helped to increase the productivity of agricultural land: With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level[,] the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land[,] and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice-free continents, rather than under 15% of the total land area that is required today. How to simulate the St. Petersburg paradox, What is the probability of getting a number of length 62 digits that is divisible by 7 and its reverse is divisible by 7 also. When flying from Preclearance airports to the US, do airlines validate your visa before letting you talk to Preclearance agents? [42], Modern ammonia reactors are designed as multi-storey reactors with low pressure drop, in which the catalysts are distributed as fills over about ten storeys one above the other. In addition, a high pressure is necessary to ensure sufficient surface coverage of the catalyst with nitrogen. They are usually impurities in the synthesis gas (a raw material). In some reactions you might choose to use an excess of one of the reactants.
Germany had no such resources, so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort. In industrial practice, the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high-purity magnetite (Fe3O4). Bimolecular reaction kinetics of this sort can be modeled by Langmuir-Hinshelwood (both reacting species adsorbed) or Eley Rideal (one adsorbed, one in gas phase). [36] The individual molecules were identified or assigned by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and IR spectroscopy.
Made a couple of clarifying/correction edits -- please feel free to revert if you desire, though I would recommend not reverting back to the 'RDS' acronym. [42] In a subsequent distillation, the product ammonia is purified. ", high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, Ammonia production Sustainable ammonia production, How Earth's Population Exploded Bloomberg Quicktake, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Robert Le Rossignol, 18841976: Professional Chemist", "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)", Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, "A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber-Bosch Process", "State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas", Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia, June 2016, Catalysis Today, "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature HaberBosch process", "FischerTropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes", "Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces", "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles", "Ammonia annual production capacity globally 2030", "Nitrogen cycle and world food production", "Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm", "The Haber-Bosch Reaction: An Early Chemical Impact On Sustainability", Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes: Fritz Haber, Nobel e-Museum Biography of Fritz Haber, "Review of "Between Genius and Genocide: The Tragedy of Fritz Haber, Father of Chemical Warfare", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&oldid=1100127153, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. transport of the reactants from the gas phase through the boundary layer to the surface of the catalyst.
Was Mister Kitson and/or the planet of Kitson based on/named after George Kitson? {\displaystyle i} High concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, which occur in synthesis gas from carbonization coke, are removed in a wet cleaning stage such as the Sulfosolvan process, while low concentrations are removed by adsorption on activated carbon. The catalyst has its highest efficiency at temperatures of about 400 to 500C. The main source was mining niter deposits and guano from tropical islands. Such a process is called an absorbent-enhanced Haber process or adsorbent-enhanced Haber-Bosch process. Also the required nitrogen for the subsequent ammonia synthesis is added to the gas mixture. Unfortunately, the rapid cooling ultimately forms a catalyst of reduced abrasion resistance. In academic literature, more complete separation of ammonia has been proposed by absorption in metal halides and by adsorption on zeolites. Because the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant becomes unity at around 150200C (302392F) (see Le Chtelier's principle). [2][3] It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The pulverized iron is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite or wstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. Therefore, this particular $\sigma$ donation will decrease N-H bond strength, which supports the monomolecular reaction mechanism for such a surface (this does put us somewhere in the grey zone between heterogenous and homogenous catalysis). Math Proofs - why are they important and how are they useful? [3] The wstite phase is reduced faster and at lower temperatures than the magnetite phase (Fe3O4). Thanks for the answer here on an old question! Is the rate of a zero order reaction always independent of the concentration of its reactants? [7] At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demands,[8] and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important. The secondary reformer is supplied with air as oxygen source. The metal surface has catalytic centres, quartz obviously hasn't? Nowadays, most plants resemble the original Haber process (20MPa (200bar; 2,900psi) and 500C (932F)), albeit with improved single-pass conversion and lower energy consumption due to process and catalyst optimization. The gas mixture is then compressed to operating pressure by turbo compressors. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company. Ethics of keeping a gift card you won at a raffle at a conference your company sent you to? The reduction of the magnetite proceeds via the formation of wstite (FeO), so that particles with a core of magnetite surrounded by a shell of wstite are formed. The volume fraction of ammonia in the gas mixture is about 20%. Why are the products of Grignard reaction on an alpha-chiral ketone diastereomers rather than a racemate? [3], The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.53.5MPa (2535bar; 360510psi), and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6 to 18MPa (60 to 180bar; 870 to 2,610psi), depending upon which proprietary process is used. What is the purpose of overlapping windows in acoustic signal processing?
You would do this if it is particularly important to use up as much as possible of the other reactant - if, for example, it was much more expensive. [40] Organosulfur compounds are separated by pressure swing adsorption together with carbon dioxide after CO conversion. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. [54], Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50%,[55] farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats. is the pressure in the reactor, and Cholera Vaccine: Dubai? Infrared spectroscopically detected surface imides (NHad), surface amides (NH2,ad) and surface ammoniacates (NH3,ad) are formed, the latter decay under NH3 release (desorption). The conversion, steam reforming, is conducted with steam in a high-temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst, separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas, yielding hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide waste. The further reduction of magnetite and wstite leads to the formation of -iron, which forms together with the promoters the outer shell. [ "article:topic", "Haber Process", "authorname:clarkj", "showtoc:no", "source@https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)%2FEquilibria%2FLe_Chateliers_Principle%2FThe_Haber_Process, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\), source@https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. where [3] In contrast, exchange reactions between hydrogen and deuterium on the HaberBosch catalysts still take place at temperatures of 196C (320.8F) at a measurable rate; the exchange between deuterium and hydrogen on the ammonia molecule also takes place at room temperature. This wastes reactor space - particularly space on the surface of the catalyst. [27] With the exception of cobalt oxide, the promoters are not reduced. [31], Ruthenium forms highly active catalysts. Show that decomposition of AsH3 follows first order kinetics. But, why and HOW does it behave differently with quartz? Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. The surface nitride is very strongly bound to the surface. For low partial pressures of A, the reaction thus approximately follows first order kinetics and zeroth order for high $p_A$. However, the cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process.
This further reduces the pressure drop in the converter.[43].
A flow scheme for the Haber Process looks like this: The proportions of nitrogen and hydrogen: The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen going into the reactor is in the ratio of 1 volume of nitrogen to 3 volumes of hydrogen.
Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The gas mixture then still contains methane and noble gases such as argon, which, however, behave inertly.[34]. In addition, running compressors takes considerable energy, as work must be done on the (very compressible) gas. $\ce{SiO2}$ is not a substance that comes to mind when we are looking for a $\sigma$ acid. Which Marvel Universe is this Doctor Strange from? [3], When first invented, the Haber process competed against another industrial process, the cyanamide process. Alternatively, the reaction mixture between the catalyst layers is cooled using heat exchangers, whereby the hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is preheated to reaction temperature. [3], The reduction of the catalyst precursor magnetite to -iron is carried out directly in the production plant with synthesis gas. Georges Claude even proposed to have three or four converters with liquefaction steps in series, thereby omitting the need for a recycle. What organelles(parts of a cell) did early cells most likely have? [48] The number of B5 sites depends on the size and shape of the ruthenium particles, the ruthenium precursor and the amount of ruthenium used. During the 19th century, the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing. The gas mixture is cooled to 450C in a heat exchanger using water, freshly supplied gases and other process streams. [37] For this reason, a ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen of 1 to 3, a pressure of 250 to 350 bar, a temperature of 450 to 550C and iron are used as catalysts.
This page titled The Haber Process is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. What happens if a debt is denominated in something that does not have a clear value? Other fossil fuel sources include coal, heavy fuel oil and naphtha. [9][10] They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about 125mL (4USfloz) per hour.
The nitrogen in the state is more strongly bound with 31 kJmol1. [4][50][51][52] In combination with advances in breeding, herbicides and pesticides, these fertilizers have helped to increase the productivity of agricultural land: With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level[,] the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land[,] and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice-free continents, rather than under 15% of the total land area that is required today. How to simulate the St. Petersburg paradox, What is the probability of getting a number of length 62 digits that is divisible by 7 and its reverse is divisible by 7 also. When flying from Preclearance airports to the US, do airlines validate your visa before letting you talk to Preclearance agents? [42], Modern ammonia reactors are designed as multi-storey reactors with low pressure drop, in which the catalysts are distributed as fills over about ten storeys one above the other. In addition, a high pressure is necessary to ensure sufficient surface coverage of the catalyst with nitrogen. They are usually impurities in the synthesis gas (a raw material). In some reactions you might choose to use an excess of one of the reactants.
Germany had no such resources, so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort. In industrial practice, the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high-purity magnetite (Fe3O4). Bimolecular reaction kinetics of this sort can be modeled by Langmuir-Hinshelwood (both reacting species adsorbed) or Eley Rideal (one adsorbed, one in gas phase). [36] The individual molecules were identified or assigned by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and IR spectroscopy.
Made a couple of clarifying/correction edits -- please feel free to revert if you desire, though I would recommend not reverting back to the 'RDS' acronym. [42] In a subsequent distillation, the product ammonia is purified. ", high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, Ammonia production Sustainable ammonia production, How Earth's Population Exploded Bloomberg Quicktake, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Robert Le Rossignol, 18841976: Professional Chemist", "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)", Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, "A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber-Bosch Process", "State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas", Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia, June 2016, Catalysis Today, "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature HaberBosch process", "FischerTropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes", "Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces", "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles", "Ammonia annual production capacity globally 2030", "Nitrogen cycle and world food production", "Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm", "The Haber-Bosch Reaction: An Early Chemical Impact On Sustainability", Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes: Fritz Haber, Nobel e-Museum Biography of Fritz Haber, "Review of "Between Genius and Genocide: The Tragedy of Fritz Haber, Father of Chemical Warfare", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&oldid=1100127153, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. transport of the reactants from the gas phase through the boundary layer to the surface of the catalyst.