Hindered absorption, when concurrent Clean the surgical site daily and allow the wound to heal by second intention. Anesthesia is usually necessary for proper positioning. Topical acaricides, including pyrethrins, carbamates, and lime sulfur solution dips (see. Because most rabbits are fastidious and prefer to defecate and urinate in one spot, they often can be trained to use a litterbox. Screen young rabbits for coccidiosis or give prophylactic therapy. Rex breeds have short guard hairs that do not project above the undercoat, thus producing a velvety fur coat. Other rabbits become depressed, anorexic, and lethargic. In chronic cases, the rabbit has intermittent bouts of diarrhea and anorexia and may have progressive weight loss. Red, pink, or orange discoloration of the urine occurs periodically in healthy rabbits. Recumbent rabbits should be turned every 6 to 8 hours or propped up sternally to prevent hypostatic congestion of the lungs. Quinolones and aminoglycosides are more effective in pulse therapy. Skull radiographs may aid in diagnosis. Daily management includes thorough cleaning and flushing until healing is well advanced. For prevention, decrease dietary calcium levels, especially in mature or aged rabbits. Distinguish between hematuria and hemorrhagic vaginal discharge occurring secondary to uterine adenocarcinoma by physical examination, history, urinalysis, abdominal radiographs, and abdominal ultrasonography. Most disinfectants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds, iodophors, phenolic derivatives, alcohols, and hydrogen peroxide, are effective in inactivating spores. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, distribution of lesions, and response to therapy. Rabbit veins are thin and fragile, so small-gauge needles (i.e., 25-gauge or smaller) should be used. Cheyletiella parasitivorax is the common fur mite of rabbits. Diagnosis of pneumonia is based on clinical signs and supportive diagnostic tests. 0000005415 00000 n
Minimizing stress, feeding the rabbit a proper diet, and using good husbandry practices are important in preventing the spread of pasteurellosis. H. Schall, Use antibiotics such as penicillin with caution in rabbits. A Doppler, EKG monitor, and pulse oximeter can be used to monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation. Treponema organisms can be identified by darkfield microscopic examination of skin scrapings. Antibiotic therapy can cause suppression of normal gut flora and overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. Serologic tests such as the rapid serum regain (RPR) are available commercially to determine the presence of antibodies against T. cuniculi. Antibiotics that are highly likely to cause gastrointestinal dysbiosis include amoxicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and lincomycin. sterile abscesses, if injected. The incidence of anaerobic infections in ferrets and rabbits is unknown. Pruritis is common with sarcoptic mite infestations. Reference ranges for physiologic values are listed in Table 176-1. Wire flooring should be smooth, nonabrasive, and of sufficient width to prevent abrasions. This area is a frequent site of moist dermatitis, especially in obese rabbits kept in humid, warm environments that may have difficulty grooming themselves. 2000.Virginia Richardson, Rabbits: Health, Husbandry and Disease, Blackwell Many infected rabbits are asymptomatic, or may develop clinical signs after a stressful event or other immunosuppressive conditions. National Library of Medicine Lesions initially consist of erythematous vesicles that progress to papules, ulcerations, scaliness, and dry crusty lesions. Wet down or pluck the fur from the mid-thigh region to better visualize the vein. Injectable tranquilizers are suitable for short diagnostic or surgical procedures. Conservative medical management such as cage rest and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents can be used to manage mild cases. Spores can be seen in the tissue and lesions in the brain usually consist of multifocal areas of necrosis and granulomas with perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing.
Moist dermatitis with erythema and ulceration of the ventral abdomen and perineal area results from urine scald. Some owners administer a petrolatum-based cat laxative to their rabbits every 1 to 2 months. Abscesses in the retrobulbar space often result in exopthalmus and subsequent ocular infections and corneal ulcers. Routinely brush long-haired rabbits or heavy shedders. Elizabeth V. Hillyer and Katherine E. Quesenberry,
Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. with a sterile saline solution, 50:50. Alopecic areas may be circular with slightly raised edges. Owners must be able to do extensive nursing care at home. (penicillin G procaine and penicillin G No antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in ferrets so drug dose, treatment length, and frequency are based on clinical experience and extrapolated from other species. Instruct owners to decrease the dietary calcium levels in rabbits with hypercalciuria. 0000032036 00000 n Remove cuterebrid larvae intact with hemostats if possible. longer period of time may lead to seizure. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Check other animals in the household for evidence of dermatophytosis. Apply the solution daily until the wound appears dry. To examine the ventrum and anal area, cradle the rabbit as shown. indicate that. 0000030676 00000 n Screen rabbits for shedding of coccidial oocysts. Exudate is typically white, thick, and caseous. Base therapy on results of culture and sensitivity testing. Consider ovariohysterectomy in does older than 3 years of age with evidence of cystic mastitis or increased aggressive behavior. In rare cases, penicillin Surgical resection of early focal abdominal metastasis is the treatment of choice but carries a guarded prognosis because of metastasis that may not be visible at the time of surgery.
Use an indwelling catheter in critical cases. Local metastasis can extend through the uterine myometrium and invade adjacent structures in the peritoneum such as lymph nodes. Long-term therapy may be necessary with chronic disease. Use a short vaginal or nasal speculum with an attached light source to examine the oral cavity. Presently, there are no antibiotics approved by the FDA in the United States for the small mammal pets classified as minor species. With septic mastitis, the affected gland is swollen, firm, erythematous to blue-tinged, and warm to the touch. Obtain abdominal radiographs of rabbits with urine scald for evidence of cystic calculi. Cystic mastitis must be differentiated from septic mastitis and mammary neoplasia. Guided aspirates of thoracic and abdominal masses can provide representative samples for cytologic examination. ivermectin gmp antibiotic
Free-choice timothy or coastal hay should be provided to maintain the rabbit's dental and GI health.
Deep skin scrapings are necessary to find mange mites. Place the rabbit in sternal recumbency. - formation of Antibiotic administration in the drinking water rarely allows the drug to reach effective serum concentrations. Intestinal gas often is detected on abdominal palpation. The organisms also can be demonstrated histologically with silver stains of skin biopsy sections. Use amikacin at 8-16 mg/kg q24hrs IM/IV.
Give supplemental fluids (approximately 100150 ml/kg/day) subcutaneously or, preferably, by intravenous catheter in debilitated animals. Support the hindquarters when carrying or lifting a rabbit to prevent spinal injuries. Tranquilization or anesthesia may be necessary. Apply an ophthalmic antibiotic solution such as ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) gentocin, or chloramphenicol four to six times daily for 14 to 21 days. Mange, fur, and ear mites cause localized or diffuse dermatitis, alopecia, or both. Calcium oxalate crystals are commonly present, though ammonium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and monohydrate crystals are also often seen. Excessive ptyalism may be an early symptom. To prevent hematoma formation, apply direct pressure to the venipuncture site for several minutes. Clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis are similar to those of the neurologic form of pasteurellosis. Exotic animal formularies list dose ranges, dose frequency, treatment length and methods of administration. Jugular catheters can be difficult to insert and may require a cutdown procedure. 0000031755 00000 n
Lawsonia intracellularis, an intracellular, gramnegative, curved to spiral-shaped bacteria has been associated with proliferative enterocecocolitis in weanling rabbits. Prognosis is poor after pulmonary metastasis has occurred. 0000026932 00000 n Debilitated rabbits require supplemental fluids, force-feeding, and general nursing care. Wire mesh flooring may also be used; however, provide a solid area for the rabbit as wire flooring may predispose rabbits to sore hocks. Red, pink, or orange discoloration of the urine occurs periodically in healthy rabbits. Lesions produced by cheyletid mites consist of a scaly dermatitis with a flaky, grayish-white exudate. Thoracic radiographs should be taken to screen for pulmonary metastasis. Thick, creamy to sandy, white urine indicates the presence of excess calcium in the urine. A 3-week course of chloramphenicol or trimethoprim/sulfa is usually effective. In rabbits, consider the stress of administration when determining how the patient is to receive the medication.
Repeated flushes of the nasolacrimal duct daily for 2 to 3 days or every 3 days for four or five treatments is most effective.
Cystic mastitis usually resolves within 3 to 4 weeks after ovariohysterectomy. Results of a CBC may reveal an inflammatory response. Does have four and five pairs of mammary glands and nipples spread from the axilla down to the inguinal region. Use these drugs at 30 mg/kg q12hrs PO. It has been shown experimentally to work by theoretically binding bacterial toxins and has been suggested at a dose of 2g/20 cc of water q24 hours by gavage. Treatment is not necessary in rabbits with pigment-based changes in urine color. The fur around the alopecic areas is moist. Rabbits with urinary pigment changes or excessive calcium in the urine usually have no other clinical signs. trailer <<7334AAE690A54F4F896610E10A040B3A>]/Prev 196812>> startxref 0 %%EOF 44 0 obj <>stream Weight loss, depression, and palpable intestinal gas may be present in some rabbits. Submit a urine sample for urinalysis in rabbits with clinical signs of cystitis, cystic calculi, or hematuria. Use an otoscope to detect movement of the mites within the ear canal. A small bone rongeur can be used to clip the sharp edges of the cheek teeth. Some rabbits also calm down if their eyes are covered with a hand or towel. Hepatic coccidiosis results from infection with the highly pathogenic Eimeria stieda. Joint luxations are palpable as firm swellings. Severe diarrhea may be accompanied by lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and dehydration. Pulse therapy is ideally suited for ferrets and rabbits. Anti-inflammatory and pain medication such as Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA) or Meloxican (Metacam, Boehringer, Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, MO) are often effective in making the patient more comfortable. Joint abscesses are most frequent in the distal limb joints. Oral administration of antibiotics is effective in rabbits with mild-to-moderate diarrhea. This can be avoided by diluting the solution Check rabbits with molar malocclusion every 2 to 3 months. Vascular lesions, infection with herpesvirus, cerebral nematodiasis, hypovitaminosis A, and toxicoses (e.g., lead poisoning) are less common causes of head tilt and uncoordination. Treat adult rabbits with suspected mite infestations with ivermectin (see.
Moist dermatitis with erythema and ulceration of the ventral abdomen and perineal area results from urine scald. Some owners administer a petrolatum-based cat laxative to their rabbits every 1 to 2 months. Abscesses in the retrobulbar space often result in exopthalmus and subsequent ocular infections and corneal ulcers. Routinely brush long-haired rabbits or heavy shedders. Elizabeth V. Hillyer and Katherine E. Quesenberry,
Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. with a sterile saline solution, 50:50. Alopecic areas may be circular with slightly raised edges. Owners must be able to do extensive nursing care at home. (penicillin G procaine and penicillin G No antibiotic pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in ferrets so drug dose, treatment length, and frequency are based on clinical experience and extrapolated from other species. Instruct owners to decrease the dietary calcium levels in rabbits with hypercalciuria. 0000032036 00000 n Remove cuterebrid larvae intact with hemostats if possible. longer period of time may lead to seizure. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Check other animals in the household for evidence of dermatophytosis. Apply the solution daily until the wound appears dry. To examine the ventrum and anal area, cradle the rabbit as shown. indicate that. 0000030676 00000 n Screen rabbits for shedding of coccidial oocysts. Exudate is typically white, thick, and caseous. Base therapy on results of culture and sensitivity testing. Consider ovariohysterectomy in does older than 3 years of age with evidence of cystic mastitis or increased aggressive behavior. In rare cases, penicillin Surgical resection of early focal abdominal metastasis is the treatment of choice but carries a guarded prognosis because of metastasis that may not be visible at the time of surgery.
Use an indwelling catheter in critical cases. Local metastasis can extend through the uterine myometrium and invade adjacent structures in the peritoneum such as lymph nodes. Long-term therapy may be necessary with chronic disease. Use a short vaginal or nasal speculum with an attached light source to examine the oral cavity. Presently, there are no antibiotics approved by the FDA in the United States for the small mammal pets classified as minor species. With septic mastitis, the affected gland is swollen, firm, erythematous to blue-tinged, and warm to the touch. Obtain abdominal radiographs of rabbits with urine scald for evidence of cystic calculi. Cystic mastitis must be differentiated from septic mastitis and mammary neoplasia. Guided aspirates of thoracic and abdominal masses can provide representative samples for cytologic examination. ivermectin gmp antibiotic 
Free-choice timothy or coastal hay should be provided to maintain the rabbit's dental and GI health.
Deep skin scrapings are necessary to find mange mites. Place the rabbit in sternal recumbency. - formation of Antibiotic administration in the drinking water rarely allows the drug to reach effective serum concentrations. Intestinal gas often is detected on abdominal palpation. The organisms also can be demonstrated histologically with silver stains of skin biopsy sections. Use amikacin at 8-16 mg/kg q24hrs IM/IV.
Give supplemental fluids (approximately 100150 ml/kg/day) subcutaneously or, preferably, by intravenous catheter in debilitated animals. Support the hindquarters when carrying or lifting a rabbit to prevent spinal injuries. Tranquilization or anesthesia may be necessary. Apply an ophthalmic antibiotic solution such as ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX) gentocin, or chloramphenicol four to six times daily for 14 to 21 days. Mange, fur, and ear mites cause localized or diffuse dermatitis, alopecia, or both. Calcium oxalate crystals are commonly present, though ammonium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and monohydrate crystals are also often seen. Excessive ptyalism may be an early symptom. To prevent hematoma formation, apply direct pressure to the venipuncture site for several minutes. Clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis are similar to those of the neurologic form of pasteurellosis. Exotic animal formularies list dose ranges, dose frequency, treatment length and methods of administration. Jugular catheters can be difficult to insert and may require a cutdown procedure. 0000031755 00000 n
Lawsonia intracellularis, an intracellular, gramnegative, curved to spiral-shaped bacteria has been associated with proliferative enterocecocolitis in weanling rabbits. Prognosis is poor after pulmonary metastasis has occurred. 0000026932 00000 n Debilitated rabbits require supplemental fluids, force-feeding, and general nursing care. Wire mesh flooring may also be used; however, provide a solid area for the rabbit as wire flooring may predispose rabbits to sore hocks. Red, pink, or orange discoloration of the urine occurs periodically in healthy rabbits. Lesions produced by cheyletid mites consist of a scaly dermatitis with a flaky, grayish-white exudate. Thoracic radiographs should be taken to screen for pulmonary metastasis. Thick, creamy to sandy, white urine indicates the presence of excess calcium in the urine. A 3-week course of chloramphenicol or trimethoprim/sulfa is usually effective. In rabbits, consider the stress of administration when determining how the patient is to receive the medication.
Repeated flushes of the nasolacrimal duct daily for 2 to 3 days or every 3 days for four or five treatments is most effective.
Cystic mastitis usually resolves within 3 to 4 weeks after ovariohysterectomy. Results of a CBC may reveal an inflammatory response. Does have four and five pairs of mammary glands and nipples spread from the axilla down to the inguinal region. Use these drugs at 30 mg/kg q12hrs PO. It has been shown experimentally to work by theoretically binding bacterial toxins and has been suggested at a dose of 2g/20 cc of water q24 hours by gavage. Treatment is not necessary in rabbits with pigment-based changes in urine color. The fur around the alopecic areas is moist. Rabbits with urinary pigment changes or excessive calcium in the urine usually have no other clinical signs. trailer <<7334AAE690A54F4F896610E10A040B3A>]/Prev 196812>> startxref 0 %%EOF 44 0 obj <>stream Weight loss, depression, and palpable intestinal gas may be present in some rabbits. Submit a urine sample for urinalysis in rabbits with clinical signs of cystitis, cystic calculi, or hematuria. Use an otoscope to detect movement of the mites within the ear canal. A small bone rongeur can be used to clip the sharp edges of the cheek teeth. Some rabbits also calm down if their eyes are covered with a hand or towel. Hepatic coccidiosis results from infection with the highly pathogenic Eimeria stieda. Joint luxations are palpable as firm swellings. Severe diarrhea may be accompanied by lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and dehydration. Pulse therapy is ideally suited for ferrets and rabbits. Anti-inflammatory and pain medication such as Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, PA) or Meloxican (Metacam, Boehringer, Ingelheim Vetmedica, St. Joseph, MO) are often effective in making the patient more comfortable. Joint abscesses are most frequent in the distal limb joints. Oral administration of antibiotics is effective in rabbits with mild-to-moderate diarrhea. This can be avoided by diluting the solution Check rabbits with molar malocclusion every 2 to 3 months. Vascular lesions, infection with herpesvirus, cerebral nematodiasis, hypovitaminosis A, and toxicoses (e.g., lead poisoning) are less common causes of head tilt and uncoordination. Treat adult rabbits with suspected mite infestations with ivermectin (see.