(2008) Detection and Characterization of Benzimidazole Resistance in California Populations of Colletotrichum in Cereals. In fact, different tree crop species were always planted in the backyards and around the settlements for the needs of local consumption. 644 0 obj <>/Encrypt 631 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4967F5EDA6344244BECDC93EB906E737>]/Index[630 21]/Info 629 0 R/Length 72/Prev 39047/Root 632 0 R/Size 651/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Phytopathology, 61, 42-44. xb`````e`c`Qcb@ !V(]= (`1K$R4,$ V'Oi H10~cglXq6\GLr--aCu6Y[&}dqy iZ^J+v]Ol# {6CCC;Oa {Y. sicula methyl podarcis chromosome analysis induced aberrations tm comet micronucleus assessed genotoxic assay fungicide effects test v.T B|hs" iKP\$%$!cX|29b%7w}2Ru[x[&/-*B 0000135702 00000 n 0000008752 00000 n About SCIRP | Sitemap hYo8 0000165561 00000 n 3.1. In each orchard, mango from trees at least planted 20 meters away from the treated area served as untreated control. <<987C3BBB0747F240BC5E9FDF9565B1F5>]>> 0000006843 00000 n 0000004679 00000 n For each fungicide, a specific color of cloth was chosen for identification. 0000195850 00000 n Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 2, 10-15. Treatment with azoxystrobin gave the second best result with 92% of mangoes free of anthracnose while treatment with mancozeb allowed protecting 84% of mangoes. ?k*~_R1CK04;?3O&= N9M=EOy.QKtc"=cKa(fGw [`Q,Bx]"J7/6MB3+PVaS:-KA6'60rb\\k+JO}s%V3&N1vK1|ULcp'b|L=0a|Ln% ?t$cc: c9YlXm do}Z|JlY8H` Ngy7|32'?#O"L=G 5G}[n-IG}+7w5f^t46,*H3ZM5'vbJh2. 0000012390 00000 n Assessing for the Incidence of Anthracnose.

Treatment with azoxystrobin gave respectively for mangoes from the treated and untreated foliage portion 44.4% and 13.2% disease free ripe fruits. 0 0000219987 00000 n 0000219663 00000 n The differences between these two treatments were not significative. F.u.25 .9}c2?v2N|)U=,Fr"O Plant Disease, 91, 559-564. pages The tests were carried out in 3 mango orchards with trees of more than 15 years of age and a size ranging from between 8 and 20 m in height. In this particular agro climatic conditions in Casamance, with abundant rainfall and very large mango trees, contact fungicides are less efficient. This level of protection was achieved despite the late application (10% of fruits were infested at application time).

%PDF-1.5 % The trials were carried out around the village of Djibelor, located at 5 km west of Ziguinchor, in the south of Senegal. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.

hbbd``b`:$ BH0 4H9k(~2012Y Green mature mangoes were sampled at harvest stage, identified by the producers. Untreated mango trees, used as control, were also sampled. HMT!\@$|s9.tx&4TI#[ $8M Dc 8f%BQ&@wp.IAX62.6[is~+N1ARA$NbR+ Nc4I2Tbqb#HBi'TOTW >Zk?:L.f{}?.Vv|-. Anthracnose due to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. infests all parts of the tree but has a most severe impact on fruits after harvest and causes massive losses. After sampling fruits were labelled and put in clean bags, placed in cardboards for the transportation to the laboratory. DH2, Dakar, 15 p. Arauz, L.F. (2000) Mango Anthracnose: Economic Impact and Current Options for Integrated Management. 0000012677 00000 n An effort to promote commercial fruit orchards by the government included the introduction of exotic species and improved varieties since the year 1860. The assessment for the incidence of anthracnose on fruits was performed as described in the literature [4] . 103 0 obj <>stream To date, fungicides are the most reliable strategy to achieve effective control of anthracnose and safeguard production in humid regions [2] .

0000014727 00000 n endstream endobj 631 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(1G\)]b%e`{Zn1=AY:X1W;x )/V 4>> endobj 632 0 obj <>/Metadata 22 0 R/Outlines 32 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 628 0 R/StructTreeRoot 37 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 633 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 634 0 obj <>stream 0000195236 00000 n Other works in the same line also showed that the methyl thiophanate can efficiently control anthracnose [8] [9] . trailer 0000007698 00000 n 0000079309 00000 n When trees were treated with azoxystrobin, 96% of mangoes ripened disease free. The better results for protection on tree portions physically covered by the fungicides may indicate that the systemic fungicides were not fully absorbed and mobile within the tree. 0000196296 00000 n 0000003840 00000 n nT=7q 0000077871 00000 n Each fungicide was tested on five mango trees. In 2009, only systemic fungicides were used. Keywords:Anthracnose, Fungicides, Mango, Soudanian Agroclimate, Senegal. | Contact Us. DOI:10.4236/ajps.2014.515236, Efficacy of Different Fungicides against Mango Anthracnose in Senegalese Soudanian Agroclimate, Papa Madiallacke Diedhiou1, Yaya Diallo1, Rokhaya Faye2*, Abdou Aziz Mbengue1, Abdou Sene1, 1Dpartement Productions Vgtales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques dAquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Universit Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Sngal, 2Dpartement de Biologie vgtale, Universit Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Dakar, Sngal. Influence of Treatment of Entire Foliage on the Incidence of Anthracnose. \*W}TK&au?Oi? and Subramanian, K.S. The fruits were washed one by one under the tap, and placed in expedition boxes in a way to prevent contact between them and avoid contaminations. 0000165306 00000 n 0000007563 00000 n In orchard 3, treatments with thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin gave the best results with 96% and 84% of mangoes free of infection. Myclobutanyl was not present in the Senegalese market for regulation. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 26, 112. [,-.j^M7e"`d)&9^N7~@$x P%$%E#b41hmF'|4[F=VV!i$K"DD@ G`.E4*["zbl{ih=)Fw?QMpVUujUwqE`8#0si@ !|dR|P~M)(m6l]-}+LFN6y?Dwn*|td6ZoS%uU2.2pAnv ?42%[9?"1X-8H`IBJ"K6Nm}h/Yas>In-Ga .4N,NeE FiDC,Frj1z nX[cG3ef4L'2Y 4'yFWhQ>stream endstream endobj 105 0 obj <>stream The level of effectiveness was higher respectively for thiophanate methyl (between 96% and 100% of fruits not infected) and azoxystrobin (between 84% and 96% of fruits not infected). The choice of product is therefore a key factor for the control of anthracnose. Home | endstream endobj 635 0 obj <>stream 0000013082 00000 n Unlike in the first session, the mango trees were fully cover sprayed and at an earlier fruiting stage. 0000016852 00000 n ANDS, Dakar, 143 p. Diedhiou, P.M., Mbaye, N., Dram, A. and Samb, P.I. (2007) Alteration of Post Harvest Diseases of Mango Mangifera indica through Production Practices and Climatic Factors. Plant Diseases, 92, 239-246. Additional data on efficacy of a large number of fungicides would provide a wide range of efficient products, allowing producers to have a diversity of substances that could be combined wisely to prevent resistance. Plant Disease, 84, 600-611. In the natural region of Casamance, economic activities around mango business have grown significantly and become more profitable for late maturating mango varieties. Ebenezar, E.G. xref 0000008500 00000 n However, efficacy data from field testing are of great importance to make the right choice. Mean values was separated through Tukeys tests pairwise comparisons. One to two days later, the mycelium growing out of the mango flesh is transferred into new Petri dishes to obtain pure culture of the fungi. The better efficacy of the fungicides in 2010 could be related to the early (preventive) treatment, before anthracnose lesions were seen on fruits. These results are consistent with those obtained in California [7] showing that thiophanate methyl was effective to control anthracnose. (Numbers followed by different letters are significantly different, Tukey test, n = 20, p 0.05). endstream endobj 104 0 obj <>stream Table 1 . 0000136153 00000 n In the first year, with treatment consisting with covering half of the mango foliage with the fungicide spray, both treated and untreated mangoes from the same tree were sampled. |?5 [w@d,B0Ot\Zbgv[. In the second year, five (5) mangoes were sampled randomly on each tree or treated tree part. In the particular case of the natural region of Casamance, in the southern part of the country, fruit production was considered for a long time an activity of marginal importance in the farmers agenda. 0000124933 00000 n Fruits showing rotting symptoms were sorted out for the identification of the causal agent. The characteristics of fungicides used are summarized in Table1. The mangoes were first soaked in a 1% NaOCl solution for 15 minutes and two crossed incisions in the form of V are made at the front of progression of the rotting process with a sterile scalpel. For effective control of anthracnose, the period of treatment plays an important role. ;6>m!9]!-C&MUFLgaJ56QrUn#$TJ-_~^)D};\1{$ $Hb7w3*h]X7j,Ww(@o0X.K 0000143402 00000 n 0000006403 00000 n %%EOF The tests were performed in two production seasons in 2009 in 2 orchards and 2010 in 3 orchards. The trees were not planted in a regular manner resulting in no distinctive rows nor determined distance between trees. 0000142786 00000 n The biological material is made of mango Mangifera indica L (cv Keitt) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz, the agent of mango anthracnose occurring naturally in the study site. 0000195487 00000 n 0000195876 00000 n 0000002036 00000 n Fungicide treatments carried out in 2010 showed a better efficacy (100% for thiophanate methyl and 90% for azoxystrobin) compared to 2009. It covers 7301 km2, representing 3.74% of Senegalese territory and harbors the Casamance River [3] . 0000014939 00000 n (In each column, numbers followed by different letters are significatively different, Tukey test, n = 20, p 0.05). Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 17, 323-324. This applies particularly for thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin. This disease is caused by, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, a fungal pathogen in the class of ascomycetes which teleomorph, Glomerella cingulata, is observed rarely on mango. Mancozeb was used to replace myclobutanyl since it is widely available and showed some effectiveness in the northern part of the country [4] . 0000000016 00000 n This level of effectiveness was clearly improved in 2010 by preventive spraying, days ahead of onset of the rainy season, before the appearance of anthracnose symptoms on fruits. The treated area was marked with a cloth of a color specific to the fungicide. ~|@ M9Jt5Ut.=.A "C With the treatment with azoxystrobin, between 46.6% and 60% of fruits were not infected. The temperatures vary between 18C in January and 38C in April [3] .

0000220782 00000 n nW? ' y They were let to ripen at the room temperature (27C - 30C). In the laboratory, the fruits are kept in a clean and airy room temperature (about 26C - 29C). x?bO8nV5O:b6DgHU Anthracnose, the most serious disease of mango worldwide, occurs in all production regions that have high rainfall or high moisture level [2] . x 047 From the non treated control trees, no ripe disease free fruit was recorded. The first application was carried out on 15/07/09 and the second on 29/07/09. h22V0Pw/+Q0L)62 b&jLP1Ij]cR@wyvVQNxf`ZsGmIFNFJ$Q8" X^Uf| h;jFQ&FD&%s~L60\yzh@}5p!`m-`4r7=Eno[(G SlJ{T`'QZrJA In the second season (2010), the trials involved five mango trees for each fungicide. The shift towards the late maturating mango varieties is driven by market opportunities in big cities and for export during that period. The isolation and identification of the causal agents was performed in case of doubt. 0000015075 00000 n startxref http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.6.600. %%EOF 0000219918 00000 n Table 3. a.=oClD~U8L ;P$ a}>q~IU@u-8L^[pph)|u7rJJ@Pya~A"!m.w\vxAkO[x:]\U'.u=1/` Direction de lHorticulture (2003). dFW!3i:ypO<= e$D8&&Q^RsU_,FA;{$T4(_Skl+V@t^dyw9,yHPel^t-{?kCKk} )8?R_ Their choice was based on the performance provided by the manufacturers and the literature. Mango trees were treated by spraying the fungicide at the dose recommended by the manufacturer on half the foliage. 801 60 endstream endobj startxref African Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 1087-1094. Treatment with mancozeb preserved 64% of mangoes while in the non treated control, only 4% of the fruit remained uninfested. In the same tree, mangoes from foliage parts not covered by the fungicide exhibited 46.6% of healthy fruits (Table 2). This could be mainly due to its non systemic effect because the major part of the active substance is probably washed off by frequent rainfall in Ziguinchor. All improved mango and to a lesser extend citrus varieties from Casamance, like those from the Niayes area in the north, were targeted for export to the European market. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). Influence of Partial Treatment of Tree Foliage on Incidence of Mango Anthracnose, Preharvest treatment with thiophanate methyl kept 80% of mangoes from foliage covered by the fungicide free. *x=@ (?2 For the early maturating mango varieties, anthracnose is not an issue but market price is low. ,>"mw%Ve*!%[QntqP8%$Ju(CwPj STs9M.s`D6DK+"$B["!-["#KG%RaDjDZ t|' upM)mDO".(.YAE^$$~Y~6+o Prophylactic treatments with fungicides starting before the beginning of the rainy season, before mangoes get infected by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may be for an efficient control. Treatment with Mancozeb (contact fungicide) was less effective than thiophanate methyl and azoxystrobin. 0000173292 00000 n 0000002710 00000 n 0000009360 00000 n endstream endobj 859 0 obj<>/Size 801/Type/XRef>>stream The income generated through fruit export is a major incentive for producers. (1996) Chemical Control of Die-Back of Acid Lime Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The symptoms observed were first described and classified. 0000135423 00000 n At ripening stage, 100% of fruits from non treated control mango trees were affected by anthracnose and got rotten, while between 73.2% and 80% of mangoes ripened free of disease when treated with thiophanate methyl.